Background
Results
Demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations
general | severely | critically | fatal | p value | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case number (n)
| 189 | 197 | 28 | 9 |
423
| |
Number of cases in which a pathogen was detected (n)
| 85(45.0%) | 71(36%) | 16(57.1%) | 5(55.6%) |
0.076
|
177(41.8%)
|
Age*(Years)
①
| 3.045 ± 2.102 | 2.546 ± 1.730 | 1.893 ± 1.397 | 2.056 ± 1.509 |
0.003
| |
Gender(male, n)
| 125(66.1%) | 114(57.9%) | 25(89.3%) | 8(88.9%) |
0.003
|
272(64.3%)
|
Region(from countryside, n)
| 116(61.4%) | 124(62.9%) | 23(82.1%) | 5(55.6%) |
0.185
|
268(63.4%)
|
Time from onset to hospitalization(d)
①
| 4.44 ± 1.37 | 3.89 ± 1.26 | 3.92 ± 1.02 | 3.81 ± 0.96 |
0.000
| |
Duration of hospitalization(d)
②
| 8.85 ± 2.46 | 11.63 ± 5.04 | 49.51 ± 33.20 | 4.55 ± 1.91 |
0.000
| |
WBC > 12 × 10
9
(n)
| 86(45.5%) | 121(61.4%) | 27(96.4%) | 8(88.9%) |
0.000
|
242(57.2%)
|
Duration of initial fever(d)
②
| 5.24 ± 1.54 | 6.33 ± 1.94 | 8.38 ± 6.42 | 6.42 ± 2.25 |
0.012
| |
Highest fever temperature (°C)
③
| 38.76 ± 0.46 | 38.846 ± 0.62 | 39.206 ± 0.51 | 39.07 ± 0.41 |
0.032
| |
Hand or foot rash (n)
| 173(91.5%) | 183(92.9%) | 23(82.1%) | 6(66.7%) |
0.017
|
385(91.0%)
|
Oral rash (n)
| 121(64.0%) | 118(59.9) | 17(74.6) | 4(44.4%) |
0.608
|
260(61.5%)
|
Buttock rash (n)
| 76(40.2%) | 81(41.1%) | 6(21.4%) | 2(22.2%) |
0.159
|
165(39.0)
|
No rash (n)
| 2(7.1%) | 1(11.1%) |
0.000
|
3(0.7%)
| ||
EV71 (n)
| 24(12.7%) | 47(23.9%) | 13(46.4%) | 5(55.6%) |
0.000
|
89(21%)
|
CA16 (n)
| 49(25.9%) | 18(9.1%) | 1©(3.6%) | 0 |
0.000
|
68(16.1%)
|
Other enteroviruses (n)
| 12(6.3%) | 6(3%) | 2(7.1%) | 0 |
0.369
|
20(4.7%)
|
Patients with neurological dysfunction upon discharge (n)
| 0 | 2®(1%) | 11(39.3%) |
0.000
|
13(3.1%)
|
Data characteristics of the clinical distribution of the enteroviruses
EV71 | CA16 | OE | p value | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n)
| 89 | 68 | 20 |
177
| |
Gender (Male, n)
| 52(58.4%) | 38(55.9%) | 14(70%) |
0.528
|
104(58.8%)
|
Age*(Years)
| 2.382 ± 2.102 | 2.588 ± 1.860 | 1.875 ± 1.146 |
0.347
| |
Region (from countryside, n)
| 57(64%) | 41(60.3%) | 13(65%) |
0.868
|
111(62.3%)
|
Time from onset to hospitalization (d)
②
| 3.258 ± 1.176 | 4 ± 1.258 | 3.6 ± 1.353 |
0.001
| |
Duration of hospitalization (d)
| 14.337 ± 17.796 | 9.338 ± 3.366 | 8.1 ± 3.354 |
0.182
| |
WBC > 12 × 10
9
(n)
| 51(57.3%) | 32(47.1%) | 11(55%) |
0.437
|
94(530.1%)
|
CRP > 8 mg/dl (n)
| 4(4.5%) | 3(4.4%) | 1(5%) |
0.994
|
8(4.5%)
|
Duration of initial fever(d)
| 6.034 ± 3.131 | 5.706 ± 1.684 | 5.45 ± 1.468 |
0.547
| |
Highest fever temperature (°C)
③
| 39.144 ± 0.563 | 38.919 ± 0.494 | 38.92 ± 0.618 |
0.025
| |
Hand or foot rash (n)
| 81(91%) | 67(98.5%) | 20(100%) |
0.057
|
168(94.9%)
|
Oral rash (n)
| 58(65.2%) | 50(73.5%) | 15(75%) |
0.451
|
123(69.5%)
|
Buttock rash (n)
| 39(43.8%) | 28(41.2%) | 6(30%) |
0.525
|
73(41.2%)
|
No rash (n)
| 3(2.2%) | 0 | 0 |
0.221
|
3(1.7%)
|
Accompanied nervous system damage
| 65(73%) | 19(27.9%) | 8(40%) |
0.000
|
92(52%)
|
Patients with dysfunction upon discharge (n)
| 11(12.4%) | 1(1.5%) | 1(5%) |
0.030
|
13(7.3%)
|
Death (n)
| 5(7.3%) | 0 | 0 |
0.030
|
5(2.8%)
|
EV71 | CA16 | OE | p value | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n)
| 65(70.7%) | 19(20.7%) | 8(8.7%) |
92
| |
Encephalitis (n)
#
| 39(60%) | 16(82.4%) | 6(75%) |
0.125
|
61(66.3%)
|
Acute flaccid paralysis (n)
#
| 2(3%) | 1(5.3%) | 0 |
0.772
|
3(3.3%)
|
Brainstem encephalitis (n)
#
| 8(12.3%) | 2(1.1%) | 0 |
0.572
|
10(10.9%)
|
Neurogenic pulmonary edema (n)
#
| 11(16.9%) | 0 | 1(12.5%) |
0.047
|
11(12%)
|
Neurologic shock (n)
#
| 5(7.7%) | 0 | 1(12.5%) |
0.215
|
6(6.5%)
|
Limb shaking (n)
| 51(78.5%) | 15(78.9%) | 6(75%) |
0.973
|
72(78.3%)
|
Convulsion (n)
| 21(32.3%) | 4(21.1%) | 2(25%) |
0.613
|
27(29.3%)
|
Vomiting (n)
| 42(64.6%) | 16(84.2%) | 7(87.5%) |
0.141
|
65(70.7%)
|
Fatigue (n)
| 47(72.3%) | 17(89.5%) | 5(62.5%) |
0.219
|
69(75%)
|
Coma (n)
| 24(36.9%) | 2(10.5%) | 1(12.5%) |
0.046
|
27(29.3%)
|
Limb movement disorder (n)
| 34(52.3%) | 3(15.8%) | 2(25%) |
0.010
|
39(42.4%)
|
Urinary retention (n)
| 31(47.7%) | 6(31.6%) | 2(25%) |
0.266
|
39(42.4%)
|
CSFWBC > 10 × 10
6
/L (n)
§
| 21/44(47.7%) | 8/14(57.1%) | 3/6(50%) |
0.828
|
25/64(39.1%)
|
CSFPro ≥ 0.5 g/L (n)
§
| 15/44(34.1%) | 5/14(35.7%) | 2/6(33.3%) |
0.992
|
22/64(34.4%)
|
Ambulatory EEG abnormality (n)
§
| 17/32(53.1%) | 4/13(30.8%) | 1/5(20%) |
0.205
|
22/50(44%)
|
Head MRI abnormality (n)
§
| 13/32(40.6%) | 5/15(33.3%) | 2/6(33.3%) |
0.685
|
20/53(37.7%)
|
Patients with dysfunction upon discharge (n)
| 11(16.9%) | 1(5.3%) | 1(12.5%) |
0.435
|
13(14.1%)
|
Death (n)
¤
| 5(7.7%) | 0 | 0 |
0.333
|
5(5.4%)
|
Discussion
Conclusion
Materials and methods
Grouping
Diagnosis
Pathogen detection
Primer (5'-3') | Probe (5'-3') | |
---|---|---|
pan-enterovirus
| Forward:GCAAGTCTGTGGCGGAACC Reverse:TGTCACCATAAGCAGCCATGATA | (FAM)- AATAACAGGAAACACGGACACCCAAAGTA(TAMRA) |
EV71
| Forward:GTTCACCTACATGCGCTTTGA Reverse:TGGAGCAATTGTGGGACAAC | (VIC)-TCTTGCGTGCACACCCACCG(TAMRA) |
CA16
| Forward:CCTAAAGACTAATGAGACCACCC Reverse:CTAAAGGCAGCACACAATTCG | (TEXAS RED)-CTTGTGCTTTCCAGTGTCGGTGCA(TAMRA) |