Background
Methods
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics
Variables | All sitesa | KNH | Embu | Kiambu | Kikuyu | Kajiado | Kibera | Makindu | Naivasha | Magadi | Karuri |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)
|
2,770
|
1,801
|
177
|
161
|
200
|
61
|
33
|
123
|
89
|
82
|
43
|
18 to 30 | 52.4 | 49.6 | 55.3 | 56.8 | 59.0 | 52.5 | 70.50 | 53.00 | 61.60 | 68.00 | 74.4 |
31 to 45 | 28.6 | 29.1 | 33.7 | 26.5 | 27.5 | 18.1 | 26.40 | 29.10 | 49.20 | 23.20 | 18.5 |
46 to 60 | 13.9 | 16.0 | 7.3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 21.8 | 2.90 | 11.20 | 11.00 | 5.60 | 6.9 |
61 to 75+ | 5.1 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 6.9 | 4.0 | 8.1 | 0 | 38.0 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 |
Sex
|
2,759
|
1,795
|
175
|
161
|
200
|
61
|
33
|
123
|
86
|
82
|
43
|
Male | 46.3 | 44.7 | 43.4 | 65.4 | 48.4 | 66.7 | 51.5 | 37.3 | 30.2 | 46.5 | 50 |
Female | 53.7 | 55.3 | 56.6 | 34.6 | 51.6 | 33.3 | 48.5 | 62.7 | 69.8 | 53.5 | 50 |
Religion
|
2,692
|
1,753
|
170
|
157
|
198
|
57
|
30
|
119
|
84
|
81
|
43
|
Christian | 94.9 | 96.2 | 100.0 | 89.9 | 99.0 | 73.7 | 74.2 | 88.5 | 96.5 | 89.7 | 100.0 |
Others | 5.0 | 3.8 | 0 | 10.1 | 1.0 | 24.0 | 25.8 | 11.5 | 3.3 | 10.4 | 0 |
Marital status
|
2,696
|
1,765
|
163
|
160
|
193
|
60
|
32
|
117
|
81
|
82
|
43
|
Single | 34.8 | 34.7 | 41.3 | 29.2 | 35.8 | 41.9 | 57.6 | 25.0 | 41.0 | 27.8 | 41.9 |
Married | 60.9 | 62.1 | 53.6 | 61.5 | 60.6 | 43.3 | 39.3 | 68.3 | 46.6 | 69.9 | 58.1 |
Education level
b
|
2,770
|
1,801
|
177
|
161
|
200
|
61
|
33
|
123
|
89
|
82
|
43
|
None | 3.1 | 7.3 | 5.3 | 11.8 | 4.5 | 31.1 | 0 | 13.4 | 7.5 | 17.6 | 4.5 |
Primary | 31.6 | 29.4 | 38.7 | 24.6 | 43.0 | 27.9 | 2.9 | 81.9 | 58.1 | 23.6 | 27.3 |
Secondary | 41.6 | 41.4 | 41.3 | 42.0 | 8.5 | 27.9 | 55.8 | 3.1 | 30.1 | 38.6 | 52.7 |
Tertiary | 23.7 | 21.9 | 14.7 | 21.6 | 44.0 | 13.1 | 38.1 | 1.6 | 4.3 | 20.5 | 15.9 |
Occupation
|
1,381
|
550
|
129
|
135
|
193
|
53
|
23
|
102
|
73
|
83
|
40
|
Gainful Employment | 66.4 | 71.2 | 44.2 | 54.8 | 60.1 | 77.4 | 78.3 | 45.1 | 60.3 | 48.2 | 42.5 |
Farmer | 22.3 | 16.4 | 44.2 | 28.1 | 13.5 | 13.2 | 0 | 50.0 | 27.4 | 9.6 | 2.5 |
Housewife | 3.9 | 4.4 | 2.3 | 5.2 | 7.8 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 9.6 | 26.5 | 12.5 |
Student | 3.3 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 8.1 | 17.1 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 4.8 | 10.0 |
Clinicians' detection rate of mental disorders
Detection of mental disorders using different psychometric instruments
Scores | All sites | KNH | Embu | Kiambu | Kikuyu | Kajiado | Kibera | Makindu | Naivasha | Magadi | Karuri |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BDI
|
2,563
|
1,654
|
126
|
160
|
195
|
51
|
26
|
115
|
74
|
122
|
40
|
Normal | 57.7 | 53.8 | 46.2 | 75.6 | 92.8 | 47.1 | 65.4 | 36.5 | 33.8 | 86.1 | 85.0 |
Mild | 38.9 | 43.0 | 38.7 | 18.8 | 6.7 | 51.0 | 30.8 | 56.5 | 58.1 | 12.3 | 15.0 |
Moderate + severe | 3.4 | 3.2 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 3.8 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 1.6 | 0 |
NOK
|
2,348
|
1,511
|
101
|
155
|
190
|
60
|
24
|
94
|
58
|
119
|
36
|
Normal | 77.3 | 80.0 | 51.0 | 85.9 | 98.5 | 48.3 | 79.0 | 25.7 | 73.8 | 68.8 | 94.4 |
Mild | 18.6 | 18.0 | 38.0 | 8.5 | 1.5 | 28.3 | 12.6 | 34.8 | 13.6 | 16.6 | 2.8 |
Moderate + severe | 4.1 | 2.0 | 11.0 | 5.6 | 0 | 23.4 | 8.4 | 18.4 | 11.9 | 2.4 | 2.8 |
LSAD:
| |||||||||||
Endogenous |
2,613
|
1,704
|
146
|
157
|
195
|
61
|
33
|
117
|
75
|
83
|
42
|
Mild to moderate | 21.4 | 21.0 | 30.8 | 19.7 | 10.8 | 37.7 | 27.3 | 29.9 | 25.3 | 18.1 | 9.5 |
Anxiety neurosis |
2,526
|
1,650
|
121
|
157
|
197
|
61
|
33
|
111
|
70
|
83
|
43
|
Mild to moderate | 11.6 | 9.8 | 19.8 | 8.3 | 1.5 | 37.7 | 15.2 | 37.8 | 20.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 |
General depression |
2,605
|
1,700
|
145
|
157
|
195
|
61
|
33
|
114
|
75
|
83
|
42
|
Mild to moderate | 26.5 | 27.0 | 35.8 | 19.1 | 13.3 | 36.1 | 24.2 | 39.5 | 30.7 | 25.3 | 9.5 |
General anxiety |
2,503
|
1,628
|
118
|
156
|
194
|
61
|
33
|
113
|
74
|
83
|
43
|
Mild to moderate | 11.5 | 9.3 | 24.5 | 7.7 | 2.0 | 37.7 | 15.1 | 36.3 | 23.0 | 7.2 | 2.3 |
BDI
NOK
LSAD
Psychosis
MMSE
Comorbidity of mental disorders with hospital diagnostic categories of physical disorders (Table 3)
Categories of physical disorders | BDI, n (%) | LSAD, n (%) | NOK, n (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Endogenous | Anxiety neurosis | General depression | General anxiety | |||
Cancer | 89 (59.6) | 91 (34.1) | 19 (28.6) | 91 (42.2) | 88 (21.6) | 84 (34.5) |
Cardiovascular disease | 43 (16.3) | 46(19.6) | 45 (4.4) | 46 (13.0) | 44 (0) | 43 (14.0) |
Diabetes mellitus | 157 (37.6) | 162 (9.3) | 155 (7.1) | 151 (17.2) | 151 (6.6) | 141 (11.3) |
Eye problems | 162 (15.4) | 161 (19.9) | 153 (7.8) | 161 (21.7) | 157 (8.9) | 152 (15.8) |
General surgery | 69 (47.8) | 75 (26.7) | 67 (14.9) | 73 (32.9) | 68 (13.2) | 64 (25.0) |
Peptic ulcer disease | 92 (46.7) | 91 (25.3) | 92 (13.0) | 91 (28.6) | 88 (14.8) | 85 (29.4) |
Respiratory system | 121 (41.3) | 120 (28.8) | 116 (9.5) | 119 (26.1) | 118 (11.0) | 107 (24.3) |
Tuberculosis | 102 (41.2) | 103 (34.0) | 103 (22.3) | 104 (38.5) | 102 (19.6) | 89 (37.1) |
Typhoid | 43 (16.3) | 46 (19.6) | 45 (4.4) | 46 (13.0) | 44 (0) | 43 (14.0) |
Obstetrics | 226 (35.4) | 232 (14.2) | 233 (5.2) | 250 (19.2) | 250 (4.8) | 224 (11.6) |
Infection | 124 (35.5) | 123 (21.1) | 126 (6.3) | 123 (23.6) | 125 (8.0) | 118 (15.3) |
Malaria | 164 (28.7) | 152 (19.1) | 148 (16.2) | 152 (23.0) | 143 (13.3) | 132 (32.6) |
Other medical conditions | 73 (37.0) | 76 (23.7) | 73 (11.0) | 76 (28.9) | 76 (10.5) | 70 (78.6) |
Orthopaedic/soft tissue injury | 299 (44.1) | 311 (23.5) | 296 (9.8) | 312 (32.7) | 293 (10.2) | 279 (28.9) |
Gynaecology | 155 (47.1) | 157 (15.3) | 151 (4.6) | 154 (17.5) | 154 (5.2) | 149 (10.7) |
HIV/AIDS | 23 (52.2) | 22 (31.8) | 21 (28.6) | 20 (30.0) | 20 (30.0) | 17 (64.7) |
Gastric ulcer | 54 (46.3) | 58 (25.9) | 58 (6.9) | 58 (32.8) | 55 (12.7) | 48 (27.1) |
Pain | 75 (42.7) | 68 (22.1) | 67 (10.4) | 68 (22.1) | 69 (11.6) | 63 (27.0) |