Background
Patients and methods
Selection and categorization of the patients
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Histology and immunohistochemistry
Diagnostic evaluation process
Statistics
Results
Interstitial lung diseases (n = 88) | Step 1: histology alone (pattern) | Step 2: histology + clinical information | Step 3: interdisciplinary case evaluation |
---|---|---|---|
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or pattern*
|
85
|
77
|
63
|
IPF/Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) | 31 | 29 | 27 |
Non specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) | 21 | 20 | 14 |
Respiratory bronchiolitis with ILD (RBILD) | 14 | 10 | 6 |
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) | 13 | 12 | 10 |
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Non idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
|
3
|
11
|
25
|
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) | 0 | 3 | 10 |
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) | 3 | 7 | 7 |
IP of other known causes or associations | 0 | 1 | 8 |
Correctness of diagnosis (total)
|
67%*
|
87%*
|
100%
|
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP)
Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)/Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)
All | IPF/UIP | NSIP | RBILD | COP | HP | LCH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients (N) | 74 | 27 | 14 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 7 |
Gender,male/female | 43/31 | 21/6 | 6/8 | 5/1* | 7/3 | 2/8** | 2/5 |
Age, mean ± SE | 53 ± 11 | 60 ± 11 | 51 ± 14* | 44 ± 6* | 58 ± 11 | 52 ± 10 | 44 ± 12* |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26 ± 5 | 28 ± 5 | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 26 ± 4 | 24 ± 3 | 24 ± 8** |
Smoking history
| |||||||
- current/ex (%) | 47 (64) | 18 (67) | 8 (57) | 6 (100)* | 7 (70) | 1 (10) | 7 (100)* |
- never smokers | 27 (36) | 9 (33) | 6 (43) | 0 (0) | 3 (30) | 9 (90) | 0 (0) |
Pack years, mean | 20.4 | 17 | 14.5 | 27 | 21 | n.a. | 22.5 |
Symptoms
| |||||||
- dyspnoea (%) | 65 (88) | 26 (96) | 13 (93) | 4 (67) | 7 (70) | 10 (100) | 5 (71) |
- cough (%) | 54 (73) | 22 (78) | 9 (64) | 3 (50) | 8 (80) | 8 (80) | 4 (57) |
Duration of symptoms, years | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.7†† | 1.4 | 0.3†† | 4.3** | 4.2** |
FVC % pred, mean ± SE | 66 ± 15 | 61 ± 16 | 61 ± 9 | 71 ± 7 | 72 ± 11 | 57 ± 13 | 78 ± 19** |
FEV1, % pred, mean ± SE | 66 ± 14 | 66 ± 15 | 65 ± 12 | 77 ± 12 | 77 ± 13 | 63 ± 14 | 54 ± 21† |
TLC, % pred, mean ± SE | 78 ± 20 | 67 ± 14 | 77 ± 15 | 91 ± 15* | 85 ± 19* | 68 ± 10 | 98 ± 17* |
PaO2, mmHg | 74 ± 10 | 73 ± 8 | 73 ± 8 | 80 ± 8 | 70 ± 14 | 78 ± 10 | 72 ± 13 |
PaCO2, mmHg | 38 ± 4 | 39 ± 4 | 36 ± 3 | 39 ± 3 | 40 ± 5 | 39 ± 3 | 37 ± 4 |
AaDO2, mmHg | 28 ± 16 | 33 ± 19 | 30 ± 11 | 13 ± 6** | 25 ± 12 | 22 ± 10 | 16 ± 7 |
BAL counts (%) | Normal range | UIP/IPF | NSIP | RBILD | COP | HP | LCH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
macrophages | >84 | 64 ± 20 | 45.3 ± 31 | 77 ± 21* | 46 ± 33 | 33 ± 18** | 86 ± 17 |
lymphocytes | <13 | 18 ± 13 | 36 ± 27 | 14 ± 9 | 40 ± 33† | 60 ± 18†† | 4.5 ± 3 |
neutrophiles | <3 | 10 ± 6 | 13.3 ± 11 | 6.8 ± 6.2 | 8 ±11 | 5.5 ± 5 | 7.5 ± 10 |
eosinophiles | <0.5 | 7.5 ± 4.7 | 5 ± 6.5 | 2 ± 2 | 5.7 ± 4 | 1.3 ± 0,8 | 1.5 ± 2 |
mast cells | <0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0. ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.4 |
CD4/CD8 | 1.1-3.5 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 2 ±0.9 | 3.7 ± 2.7 | n.a. |
Non specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP)
Respiratory bronchiolitis with interstitial lung disease (RBILD)
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP)
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP)
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP)
Non idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)
Interstitial pneumonias of other known causes and associations
Histological pattern | Total | Etiology |
---|---|---|
organizing pneumonia | 3 | Giant bullous emphysema* (1), Colitis ulcerosa (1), Liver cirrhosis (1) |
UIP-like | 2 | Jo-1 syndrome (1), ACE-Inhibitors (1) |
NSIP-like | 2 | Asbestosis (1), bone marrow transplantation (1) |
DAD-like | 1 | Rheumatoid arthritis (1) |
Discussion
1: Demographics and clinical symptoms in IPF | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | n | m: f | age | dyspnoe | cough | symptoms (years) | smoker |
Our study | 27 | 4.4:1 | 59.4 | 96.3% | 77.7% | 1.7 | 66.7% |
Carrington 1978, USA[23] | 53 | 1.7:1 | 51 | n.d. | n.d. | 2.5 | 71% |
Matuso 1996, Japan[24] | 30 | 2.5:1 | 60 | 88.6% | 100% | 1.1 | 60% |
Bjoraker 1998, USA[18] | 64 | 1:1 | 65 | 89% | 71% | n.d. | 54% |
Daniil 1999, UK[25] | 15 | 4:1 | 56 | 100% | 60% | 1.5 | 80% |
Nicholson 2000, UK[21] | 37 | 8.3:1 | 57.2 | n.d. | n.d. | 1.3 | 78% |
2: Demographics and clinical symptoms in NSIP | |||||||
Author
|
n
|
m: f
|
age
|
dyspnoe
|
cough
|
symptoms (years)
|
smoker
|
Our study | 14 | 3:4 | 49.2 | 92.9% | 64.3% | 1.7 | 57% |
Bjoraker 1998, USA[18] | 15 | 1.3:1 | 57 | 100% | 85% | n.d. | 57% |
Katzenstein 1994, USA[33] | 64 | 1:1.5 | 46 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.7 | 58% |
Park 1996, Korea[34] | 7 | 1:6 | 56 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.33 | 14.3% |
Daniil 1999, UK[25] | 15 | 1:1.1 | 56 | 100% | 60% | 1.5 | 60% |
Nicholson 2000, UK[21] | 28 | 2.5:1 | 53.5 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.9 | 64.3% |
Cottin 1998, France[35] | 12 | 1:1 | 52.5 | 100% | 67% | n.d. | 50% |
3: Demographics and clinical symptoms in RBILD | |||||||
Author
|
n
|
m: f
|
age
|
dyspnoe
|
cough
|
smoker
|
pack years
|
Our study | 6 | 5:1 | 44.6 | 66.7% | 50% | 100% | 26.6 |
Myers 1987, USA[26] | 6 | 5:1 | 36 | 83.3% | 83.3% | 100% | 39 |
Yousem 1989, USA[27] | 18 | 1.25:1 | 36 | 67% | 50% | 100% | 32 |
Myers 1992, USA[36] | ? | 1.7:1 | 36.1 | 70.8% | 58.3% | 100% | 33.4 |
Moon 1999, UK[37] | 10 | 1:1 | 47.1 | 70% | 30% | 90% | 39.4 |
4: Demographics and clinical symptoms in COP | |||||||
Author
|
n
|
m: f
|
age
|
dyspnoe
|
cough
|
smokers
| |
Our study | 10 | 7:3 | 54.8 | 70% | 80% | 70% | |
Nagai 1998, Japan[19] | 16 | 1:2 | 56.9 | n.d. | n.d. | 31% | |
Guerry-Force 1987, Canada[29] | 15 | 3:1 | 56 | 78.5% | 86% | 54.5% | |
Costabel 1992, Germany[38] | 10 | 7:3 | 55 | 90% | 90% | n.d. | |
Müller 1987, Canada[31] | 15 | 11:4 | 56.6 | 78.6% | 86.7% | 54.5% | |
King 1992, USA[32] | 112 | 1.2:1 | 58 | 49% | 72% | 57% | |
Izumi 1992, Japan[39] | 34 | 1:1 | 57 | 47% | 76% | 44% |
Differences in the three different diagnostic steps
Subgroup | Author | n | lympho. | macroph. | neutroph. | eosinoph. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UIP/IPF
| Our study | 22** | 18.0% | 64% | 10% | 7.5% |
Haslam 1980[54] | 18 | 3.8% | 62.7% | 9.8% | 4.9% | |
Costabel 1992[30] | 22 | 15% | 61% | 19% | 5% | |
Matuso 1996[24] | 30 | 19.4% | 73.1% | 4.7% | 2.8% | |
Shindoh 1986[55] | 20 | 22.5% | 67.9% | 7% | 2.1% | |
Daniil 1999[25] | 8 | 8.4% | 76.8% | 9.6% | 5.8% | |
Nagai 1998[19] | 64 | 7.2% | 83% | 5.9% | 3.3% | |
RBILD
| Our study | 5** | 14% | 77% | 6.8% | 2% |
Myers 1987[26] | 3 | 2.3% | 95.7% | 2% | n.d. | |
NSIP
| Our study | 14** | 36% | 45.3% | 13.3% | 5% |
Katzenstein 1994[33] | n.d. | 37.3% | 47.4% | 8% | 5.5% | |
Park 1996[34] | 7 | 36.5% | 34.4% | 23.6% | 4.8% | |
Daniil 1999[25] | 8 | 9.3% | 79.3% | 7.8% | 3.2% | |
COP
| Our study | 9** | 40% | 46% | 8% | 5.7% |
Nagai 1996[56] | 16 | 44.4% | 45.5% | 6.4% | 2.2% | |
Costabel 1992[30] | 10 | 44% | 39% | 10% | 6% | |
Epler 1994[48] | 12 | 41% | 51% | 4% | 3% |