Background
The need for additional training of mental health staff
Existing literature, evaluated mental health training
The need for general mental health training
MAP training program
Methods
Study design
Subjects
Evaluation materials
Aspect of the MAP evaluation | Number | % of those who attended core modules | % of those who consented | Completed Long version of questionnaire | Completed Short version of questionnaire | Mean age at commencement of training (SD) | % Male |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attended the core modules | 1126 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Consented to be involved in MAP evaluation | 876 | 77.8 | - | - | - | - | - |
Pre-test data | 861 | 76.5 | 98.4 | 861 | 0 | 44.7 (10.5) | 12.5% |
Post-test data | 684 | 60.7 | 78.1 | 684 | 0 | 44.9 (10.7) | 10.7% |
Post-6 month-training data | 444 | 39.4 | 50.7 | 96 | 348 | 45.1 (10.4) | 12.2% |
Post-12 month-training data | 337 | 29.9 | 38.5 | 42 | 295 | 45.8 (10.2) | 13.3% |
Statistical analysis
Examining differences amongst those who completed different numbers of the MAP evaluation questionnaires
Examining Changes over time
Results
The evaluation participants
Occupation | Number | % | Occupation | Number | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nurse | 180 | 20.9 | Aboriginal health worker | 9 | 1.0 |
Social worker | 96 | 11.1 | Physiotherapist | 9 | 1.0 |
Personal carer/aged care worker | 85 | 9.9 | Childcare/child welfare | 9 | 1.0 |
Welfare worker | 74 | 8.6 | Carer support workers | 9 | 1.0 |
Youth worker/youth health worker | 32 | 3.7 | Administrator | 8 | 0.9 |
Working in school environment | 27 | 3.1 | Dietician | 8 | 0.9 |
Housing support worker | 24 | 2.8 | Volunteer | 8 | 0.9 |
PDRS workers | 24 | 2.8 | Family support worker | 8 | 0.9 |
Community worker | 24 | 2.8 | Health promotion worker | 7 | 0.8 |
Women's health/support worker | 19 | 2.2 | Employment consultant | 7 | 0.8 |
Occupational therapist | 17 | 2.0 | Police | 6 | 0.7 |
Manager | 15 | 1.7 | Speech pathology | 6 | 0.7 |
Counselor | 13 | 1.5 | Pastoral work | 5 | 0.6 |
Case manager | 13 | 1.5 | Outreach worker | 5 | 0.6 |
Psychologist | 12 | 1.4 | Respondent did not complete this question | 12 | 1.4 |
Disability worker | 10 | 1.2 | Other | 80 | 9.4 |
Highest qualifications
|
Number
|
%
| |||
Certificate I, II or year 10 or less | 36 | 4.2 | |||
Year 11/12 | 58 | 6.7 | |||
Certificate III | 36 | 4.2 | |||
Certificate IV (inc Div 2 nurse) | 100 | 11.6 | |||
Div I Nurse | 56 | 6.5 | |||
Diploma (inc associate diploma) | 143 | 16.6 | |||
Batchelor Degree | 249 | 28.9 | |||
Postgraduate diploma/graduate certificate | 133 | 15.4 | |||
Masters degree | 37 | 4.3 | |||
Doctorate | 1 | 0.1 | |||
Other | 3 | 0.3 | |||
Respondent did not complete this question | 9 | 1.2 |
Differences between those who completed all the evaluation measures and those who didn't
Confidence in helping someone with mental health problems by number of questionnaires completed | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ordinal Variables (analysis using Kruskal-Wallis test)
|
Chi-squared value
|
df
|
p
|
Confidence | 7.43 | 3 | .06 |
Mental Health Literacy Variables by number of questionnaires completed
| |||
Ordinal Variables (analysis using Kruskal-Wallis test)
|
Chi-squared value
|
df
|
p
|
Becoming more physically active such as playing more sport, or doing a lot more walking or gardening | 3.70 | 3 | 0.30 |
Seeking information about mental health problems, its treatment and available services | 7.58 | 3 | 0.06 |
Cutting out alcohol altogether | 1.76 | 3 | 0.62 |
Psychotherapy - discussion about causes that stem from the client's past | 0.08 | 3 | 1.00 |
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | 1.28 | 3 | 0.73 |
Taking over-the-counter medications (including herbal remedies) | 3.85 | 3 | 0.28 |
Seeking help from a GP | 7.42 | 3 | 0.06 |
Seeking help from a mental health professional (e.g. psychologist, psychiatrist) | 0.68 | 3 | 0.88 |
Trying to deal with her problems on her own | 5.01 | 3 | 0.17 |
Social Distance by number of questionnaires completed
| |||
Continuous variables (analysis using one way ANOVA)
|
F values
|
df
|
p
|
Social distance (based on three questions shortened version of questionnaire) | 3.85 | 3 | 0.77 |
Social distance (based on five questions long version of questionnaire) | 0.03 | 3 | 0.99 |
Mental Health Knowledge and skills measures by number of questionnaires completed
| |||
Continuous variables (analysis using one way ANOVA)
|
F values
|
df
|
p
|
Knowledge | 0.94 | 3 | 0.42 |
Skills | 0.78 | 3 | 0.51 |
Community mental health ideology by number of questionnaires completed
| |||
Continuous variables (analysis using one way ANOVA)
|
F values
|
df
|
p
|
Community mental health ideology | .51 | 3 | .67 |
Changes following the completion of MAP training
Confidence
Mean | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confidence (range 1-5) | Questionnaires completed | N | pre | post | post6 | post12 | chisquared | Df | sig |
pre, post | 653 | 2.83 | 3.49 | n/a | n/a | 290.04 | 1 | < 0.000 | |
pre, post, post6 | 324 | 2.88 | 3.52 | 3.55 | n/a | 224.28 | 2 | < 0.000 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 157 | 2.89 | 3.50 | 3.57 | 3.72 | 158.91 | 3 | < 0.000 | |
Mental Health Literacy (range 1-3)
| |||||||||
Becoming more physically active such as playing more sport, or doing a lot more walking or gardening | pre, post | 638 | 2.94 | 2.99 | n/a | n/a | 16.89 | 1 | < 0.000 |
pre, post, post6 | 337 | 2.94 | 2.99 | 2.98 | n/a | 10.67 | 2 | 0.005 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 176 | 2.93 | 2.98 | 2.97 | 2.98 | 10.36 | 3 | 0.016 | |
Seeking information about mental health problems, its treatment and available services | pre, post | 639 | 2.92 | 2.95 | n/a | n/a | 4.09 | 1 | 0.043 |
pre, post, post6 | 336 | 2.94 | 2.96 | 2.97 | n/a | 3.40 | 2 | 0.183 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 175 | 2.94 | 2.97 | 2.96 | 2.99 | 4.74 | 3 | 0.192 | |
Cutting out alcohol altogether | pre, post | 608 | 2.45 | 2.51 | n/a | n/a | 7.64 | 1 | 0.006 |
pre, post, post6 | 317 | 2.45 | 2.49 | 2.71 | n/a | 52.34 | 2 | < 0.000 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 164 | 2.46 | 2.47 | 2.74 | 2.73 | 54.19 | 3 | < 0.000 | |
Psychotherapy - discussion about causes that stem from the client's past | pre, post | 586 | 2.65 | 2.63 | n/a | n/a | 0.29 | 1 | 0.592 |
pre, post, post6 | 305 | 2.67 | 2.63 | 2.78 | n/a | 19.62 | 2 | < 0.000 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 154 | 2.66 | 2.66 | 2.69 | 2.77 | 5.18 | 3 | 0.159 | |
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | pre, post | 569 | 1.5 | 1.96 | n/a | n/a | 140.52 | 1 | < 0.000 |
pre, post, post6 | 289 | 1.50 | 1.98 | 1.83 | n/a | 87.85 | 2 | < 0.000 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 141 | 2.01 | 2.84 | 2.57 | 2.59 | 56.29 | 3 | < 0.000 | |
Taking over-the-counter medications (including herbal remedies | pre, post | 597 | 2.15 | 2.06 | n/a | n/a | 9.17 | 1 | 0.002 |
pre, post, post6 | 307 | 2.19 | 2.05 | 2.06 | n/a | 12.06 | 2 | 0.002 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 155 | 2.15 | 1.98 | 1.99 | 2.01 | 8.42 | 3 | 0.038 | |
Seeking help from a GP | pre, post | 639 | 2.96 | 2.98 | n/a | n/a | 8.17 | 1 | 0.004 |
pre, post, post6 | 338 | 2.97 | 2.99 | 2.99 | n/a | 2.13 | 2 | 0.344 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 176 | 2.99 | 2.99 | 2.99 | 2.98 | 0.39 | 3 | 0.942 | |
Seeking help from a mental health professional (e.g. psychologist, psychiatrist) | pre, post | 630 | 2.96 | 2.96 | n/a | n/a | 0.50 | 1 | 0.480 |
pre, post, post6 | 329 | 2.95 | 2.97 | 2.98 | n/a | 5.30 | 2 | 0.070 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 170 | 2.95 | 2.98 | 2.98 | 2.98 | 3.79 | 3 | 0.285 | |
Trying to deal with her problems on her own | pre, post | 634 | 1.28 | 1.29 | n/a | n/a | 0.17 | 1 | 0.682 |
pre, post, post6 | 329 | 1.30 | 1.29 | 1.35 | n/a | 4.84 | 2 | 0.089 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 163 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 1.34 | 1.37 | 10.41 | 3 | 0.015 |
Social distance
Questionnaires | N | Mean pre | Mean post | Mean post6 | Mean post12 | F | df | adjusted df | sig | partial η 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social distance
| pre, post | 597 | 8.50 | 8.99 | n/a | n/a | 54.51 | 1 | n/a | < 0.000 | .084 |
pre, post, post6 | 312 | 8.58 | 9.07 | 9.46 | n/a | 60.86 | 2 | n/a | < 0.000 | .131 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 158 | 8.63 | 9.21 | 9.54 | 9.72 | 27.06 | 3 | 2.66 | < 0.000 | .147 | |
Knowledge
| pre, post | 616 | 22.48 | 30.71 | n/a | n/a | 1453.04 | 1 | n/a | < 0.000 | .703 |
pre, post, post6 | 311 | 23.00 | 31.02 | 30.29 | n/a | 471.69 | 2 | 1.95 | < 0.000 | .603 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 154 | 22.68 | 30.86 | 30.21 | 31.62 | 224.35 | 3 | 2.88 | < 0.000 | .595 | |
Skill
| pre, post | 629 | 18.64 | 24.30 | n/a | n/a | 989.16 | 1 | n/a | < 0.000 | .612 |
pre, post, post6 | 320 | 19.23 | 24.56 | 24.47 | n/a | 336.67 | 2 | 1.92 | < 0.000 | .513 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 165 | 18.98 | 24.41 | 24.33 | 25.26 | 166.02 | 3 | 2.79 | < 0.000 | .503 | |
Community mental health ideology
| pre, post | 609 | 23.00 | 23.57 | n/a | n/a | 22.85 | 1 | n/a | < 0.000 | .036 |
pre, post, post6 | 329 | 23.07 | 23.75 | 23.63 | n/a | 7.78 | 2 | 1.95 | 0.001 | .023 | |
pre, post, post6, post12 | 169 | 23.25 | 24.01 | 23.81 | 24.26 | 5.72 | 3 | 2.90 | 0.001 | .033 |
Mental health literacy
Knowledge and skills
Community mental health ideology
Discussion
Confidence
Confidence | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Paper | Training received | Percentage of participants scoring >2 | Range | |
Prior to training | After training | |||
[9] | Mental Health First aid training | 62.2% | 83.3% | 21.1% |
[28] | Mental health first aid training - workforce | 54.5% | 74.5% | 20.0% |
Current | Core MAP training | 65.5% | 93.0% | 27.5% |
Mean score on the confidence measure
| ||||
Prior to training
|
After training
|
Range
| ||
[27] | Mental health first aid training - rural area | 3.13 | 3.39 | .27 |
Current | Core MAP training | 2.83 | 3.49 | .66 |
Social Distance
| ||||
Paper
|
Subjects
|
Average score
per question*
|
Range
| |
Pre
|
Post
| |||
[9] | Mental health first aid training participants | 1.6 | 1.5 | .1 |
[28] | Mental health first aid training participants- workplace Setting | 1.7 | 1.5 | .2 |
[27] | Mental health first aid training - rural area | 1.6 | 1.5 | .1 |
[29] | Mental health first aid training - in drought affected area | 2.0 | 1.6 | .4 |
[26] | Nationwide representative sample USA | 2.25 | - | - |
[30] | Mental health first aid training - expatriate Chinese community | 2.0 | 1.8 | .2 |
Current | Participants in Map Training course | 2.2** | 2.0** | .2 |
Social Distance
Mental Health Literacy
Knowledge and Skills
Community mental health ideology
Paper | Subjects | Means available for | Average score per question | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
[25] | Toronto residents | Male | 2.6* | .1 |
Female | 2.7* | |||
Married | 2.6* | .2 | ||
Widowed | 2.6* | |||
Divorced | 2.8* | |||
Separated | 2.8* | |||
[31] | Undergraduate students at large midwestern American University | Family member mental illness | 3.4 | .7 |
Work with those with mental illness | 3.8 | |||
Shown -classes | 3.5 | |||
Shown -electronic media | 3.1 | |||
Shown- print media | 3.7 | |||
[24] | Undergraduate students from introductory psychology classes | Stigma - given fact orientated mental illness articles | 3.3 | .8 |
Control - given two general health articles | 2.5 | |||
Given an article that addressed misconceptions about | 2.4 | |||
mental illness and correct information on mental illness | 2.6 | |||
Given an article that discussed media distortions of mental illness and target article | ||||
[32] | Undergraduate students at a large midwestern American University | Males | 3.4 | .2 |
Females | 3.6 | |||
[33] | Canadian police offices | Police offices | 2.6 | - |
Current | Victorian(Australian) Mental health workers attending training course | Pre-test | 3.8 | .2 |
Post-test | 4.0 |