Symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescent students; a perspective from Sri Lanka

Sir: Published research on adolescent psychiatry in Sri Lanka is minimal. Unfortunately, Sri Lanka also recorded an extraordinary high suicide rate for adolescents aged 15 - 19 in the early 1990s(46.5/100,000)[1, 2]. With this in perspective, the Ministry of Health in Sri Lanka recommends school programmes for adolescents by mental health units of local hospitals.

The objectives of this study were to

We conducted cross sectional surveys to screen for symptoms of anxiety and depression among students aged 14 - 18 during school mental health programmes. Two schools were randomly selected within the Ratnapura municipality (urban population of approx. 50,000), Sri Lanka and all students aged 14-18 were assessed with self administered (pre tested, Sinhalese translations) questionnaires [Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D), Anxiety screening test of suicide and mental health association international][3, 4]. Statistical significances were calculated with chi square test. Permission for the study was granted by the Provincial Department of Education. Verbal consent was obtained from participants in classroom and only the consenting students filled the questionnaire. Contribution from participants was anonymous.

A total of 445 students were assessed (male-54.4%, female 45.6%). Thirty six percent screened positive for depression (mild depression-17%, severe depression-19%) and 28% screened positive for severe anxiety (Table 1). Females screened positive for depression and anxiety significantly more than the males (p = 0.0001, 0.005 respectively). While there were no differences between grade 9 (aged 14) and 10 (aged 15) students, grade 11(aged 16) students had significantly high rates of depression and severe anxiety (p < 0.00001, 0.0001 respectively). Numbers in grades 12 (aged 17) and 13 (aged 18) were small for a valid analysis but proportion-wise, grade 13 had the second highest depression and anxiety scores. Examination related issues (36%) were the most commonly cited problem (Table 2).

This survey shows that:

The Government of Sri Lanka provides free education in all public schools. However, given the limited resources, access to better schools, and universities is subject to severe competition. There are two important barrier examinations for a student in Sri Lanka; the General Certificate of Education (G.C.E) - Ordinary level examination which determines entrance to advanced level classes (held at the end of grade 11) and the G.C.E-Advanced level examination which determines university entrance (held at the end of grade 13). The symptoms of anxiety and depression were more among students in these classes.

Surprisingly, issues with romantic partners and drug addiction did not surface prominently. However, it is possible that students did not reveal such issues, since the subjects are often culturally taboo. Our personal experience is that many adolescents with deliberate self harm (DSH) referred to us have done so due to problems with family or romantic partners. Since many appear to have background symptoms of depression, additional life stressors may easily push vulnerable adolescents towards DSH.

We conclude that:

It is recommended that:

CR, SW and JG are medical officers of mental health attached to the psychiatry unit of Provincial General Hospital, Ratnapura. TW is the psychiatric social worker of the unit and GJ is the consultant psychiatrist of the unit. SR is the head and senior lecturer of the Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka