Background
Methods
Covariate assessment
Measurement of inflammatory and oxidative stress marker concentrations
Definition of metabolic syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome | |||
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 1586) | Yes (n = 984) | ||
Age, years | 58 ± 9 | 62 ± 9 | |
Women, % | 60 | 52 | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.9 ± 4.2 | 30.5 ± 5.0 | |
Mean waist, cm | 93 ± 12 | 106 ± 11 | |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 120 ± 17 | 133 ± 18 | |
22 | 64 | ||
Hypertension treatment, % | 15 | 44 | |
14 | 11 | ||
Triglycerides, mg/dl | 101 ± 53 | 171 ± 91 | |
Total/HDL cholesterol | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | |
Lipid treatment, % | 5 | 27 | |
Aspirin use, % | 22 | 29 | |
Hormone replacement therapy, % | 20 | 16 | |
Metabolic syndrome components, % (n) | |||
Elevated waist circumference | ≥102 cm in men, ≥88 cm in women | 41 (655) | 88 (862) |
Elevated triglycerides | ≥150 mg/dL | 16 (248) | 69 (679) |
Low HDL | <40 mg/dL in men, <50 mg/dL in women | 11 (169) | 53 (522) |
High blood pressure | Systolic BP ≥130, diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg or treatment | 32 (502) | 79 (778) |
Hyperglycemia | Fasting glucose ≥100 and <126 mg/dL | 17 (273) | 67 (661) |
Statistical analyses
Secondary analyses
Results and discussion
Regression model for the individual markers
Biomarker | Model 1† | Model 2 - with additional adjustment for the components of the metabolic syndrome‡ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Size | Estimate (95% CI) | P-value | Sample Size | Estimate (95% CI) | P-value | |
C-reactive protein | 2555 | 1.82 (1.67, 1.97) | <0.0001 | 2551 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 0.23 |
CD40Ligand | 2559 | 0.89 (0.80, 0.98) | 0.02 | 2555 | 0.89 (0.77, 1.02) | 0.10 |
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 | 2557 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <0.0001 | 2553 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.99 |
Interleukin-6 | 2553 | 1.29 (1.22, 1.36) | <0.0001 | 2549 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.67 |
Monocyte chemoattractant −1 | 2517 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.01 | 2513 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) | 0.34 |
Osteoprotegerin | 2555 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.92 | 2551 | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.65 |
P-selectin | 2558 | 1.11 (1.08, 1.15) | <0.0001 | 2554 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 0.005 |
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha | 1948 | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15) | <0.0001 | 1945 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.84 |
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 | 2505 | 1.09 (1.06, 1.11) | <0.0001 | 2501 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.91 |