Introduction
Materials and methods
Animals
Diets
Tumorigenesis
Metabolic parameters
Estrogen and progesterone assay
Estrogen receptor analysis
Macrophage analysis
Cellular proliferation analysis
Immunohistochemical analysis of blood vessel density
Eosinophil and mast cell analysis
Mammary gland structure analysis
Quantitative PCR arrays and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis (qRT-PCR)
Pathway analysis
Analysis of plasma cytokine levels
Statistical analyses
Results
HFD decreases tumor latency
Tumor | N | Adenocarcinoma type | ER statusa |
---|---|---|---|
Low fat diet | 13 | 7/13 glandular/acinar | 7/13 ER+ |
3/13 adenosquamous | |||
3/13 papillary | |||
High fat diet-early | 10 | 3/10 glandular/acinar | 6/10 ER+ |
7/10 adenosquamous |
Effects of diet on mammary gland and tumor proliferation
Growth factor genes | Fold change HFD versus LFD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symbol | Description | 3 wks MG | 4 wks MG | 10 wks MG | Tumor |
Fgf18
|
Fibroblast growth factor 18
| 2.0 | - | - | - |
Il4
|
Interleukin 4
| 2.0 | - | - | - |
Bdnf
|
Brain derived neurotrophic factor
| - | 2.4 | - | - |
Lefty2
|
Left-right determination factor 2
| - | -2.5 | - | - |
Lif
|
Leukemia inhibitory factor
| - | 2.8 | - | - |
RANKL
|
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
| - | 17 | - | - |
Bmp2
|
Bone morphogenetic protein 2
| - | - | 2.0 | - |
Bmp3
|
Bone morphogenetic protein 3
| - | - | 2.4 | - |
Fgf10
|
Fibroblast growth factor 10
| - | - | 2.0 | - |
Gdf10
|
Growth differentiation factor 10
| - | - | 1.9 | - |
Gdf5
|
Growth differentiation factor 5
| - | - | 2.2 | - |
Nodal
|
Nodal
| - | - | 2.4 | - |
Pgf
|
Placental growth factor
| - | - | 2.5 | - |
Tgfa
|
Transforming growth factor alpha
| - | - | 1.9 | - |
Tgfb1
|
Transforming growth factor, beta 1
| - | - | 1.9 | - |
Vegfa
|
Vascular endothelial growth factor A
| - | - | 2.1 | - |
Il1a
|
Interleukin 1 alpha
| - | - | 3.0 | - |
Il1b
|
Interleukin 1 beta
| - | - | 2.1 | - |
Il2
|
Interleukin 2
| - | - | 3.0 | - |
Il7
|
Interleukin 7
| - | - | 3.4 | - |
Cxcl12
|
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12
| - | - | 1.8 | - |
Bmp7
|
Bone morphogenetic protein 7
| - | - | - | 3.2 |
Inha
|
Inhibin alpha
| - | - | - | 2.2 |
Ntf3
|
Neurotrophin 3
| - | - | - | 53.4 |
Bmp10
|
Bone morphogenetic protein 10
| - | - | - | -3.4 |
Effect of diet on inflammatory processes
Inflammation PCR array | Fold change HFD versus LFD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Symbol | Description | 3 wks MG | 4 wks MG | 10 wks MG |
Ccl24
|
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24
| 2.7 | - | - |
Ccl3
|
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3
| 2.3 | - | - |
Il4
|
Interleukin 4
| 2.2 | - | - |
Il5ra
|
Interleukin 5 receptor, alpha
| 3.0 | - | - |
RANKL
|
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
| - | 17 | - |
Ccl1
|
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1
| - | - | 4.5 |
Ccl17
|
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17
| - | - | 3.2 |
Ccl19
|
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19
| - | - | 7.5 |
Ccl20
|
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20
| - | - | 5.2 |
Ccl22
|
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22
| - | - | 7.6 |
Il1b
|
Interleukin 1 beta
| - | - | 2.1 |
Il2rb
|
Interleukin 2 receptor, beta chain
| - | - | 2.7 |
Cxcr2
|
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2
| - | - | 4.3 |
Lta
|
Lymphotoxin A
| - | - | 3.2 |
Xcr1
|
Chemokine (C motif) receptor 1
| - | - | 2.5 |
Fold change HFD versus LFD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gene | 3 wks intact | 3 wks cleared | 4 wks intact | 4 wks cleared |
Ccl24
| 2.7 | - | - | - |
RANKL
| - | - | 17.0 | - |
Ccl3
| 2.3 | - | - | - |
Il4
| 2.2 | - | - | - |
Il5ra
| 3.0 | 3.3 | - | - |
Il1f6
| - | - | - | 6.5 |
Il1f8
| - | - | - | 4.9 |
Tumor characteristics
Breast cancer genes | HFD-E versus LFD tumor | |
---|---|---|
Symbol | Description | Fold change |
Brca2
|
Breast cancer 2
| 1.8 |
Ccnd2
|
Cyclin D2
| 3.5 |
Igf1r
|
Insulin-like growth factor I receptor
| 3.5 |
Slit2
|
Slit homolog 2 (Drosophila)
| 2.9 |
Trp53
|
Transformation related protein 53
| 1.6 |
Krt18
|
Keratin 18
| -3.8 |
Krt8
|
Keratin 8
| -4.7 |
Cancer pathway finder genes
|
HFD-E versus LFD tumor
| |
Apaf1
|
Apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1
| 1.8 |
Brca1
|
Breast cancer 1
| 1.8 |
Ctnnb1
|
Catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1
| 1.8 |
Tert
|
Telomerase reverse transcriptase
| 1.9 |
Pathway analysis
qPCR dataset | Ingenuity canonical pathways | B-H-adjusted P-value | Ratio | Molecules |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 weeks
| Communication between Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells | 9.11E-03 | 2/109 | CCL3L1/CCL3L3, IL4 |
Granulocyte Adhesion and Diapedesisa | 9.33E-03a | 2/175a | CCL3L1/CCL3L3, CCL24 | |
Agranulocyte Adhesion and Diapedesisa | 9.33E-03a | 2/186a | CCL3L1/CCL3L3, CCL24 | |
4 weeks
| Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency | 1.44E-04 | 3/156 | BDNF, FZD5, LEFTY2 |
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency | 4.07E-03 | 2/99 | LIF, FZD5 | |
Role of NANOG in Mammalian Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotencya | 4.07E-03a | 2/114a | LIF, FZD5 | |
Role of Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts and Chondrocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis | 1.20E-02 | 2/238 | TNFSF11, FZD5 | |
Role of Macrophages, Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritisa | 1.83E-02a | 2/332a | TNFSF11, FZD5 | |
10 weeks
| Granulocyte Adhesion and Diapedesisa | 5.66E-09a | 8/166a | IL1A, CXCR2, CCL17, CCL20, IL1B, CCL22, CCL19, CCL1 |
Agranulocyte Adhesion and Diapedesisa | 5.66E-09a | 8/176a | IL1A, CXCR2, CCL17, CCL20, IL1B, CCL22, CCL19, CCL1 | |
Hepatic Fibrosis / Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation | 1.55E-06 | 6/140 | VEGFA, IL1A, TGFB1, TGFA, IL1B, PGF | |
Altered T Cell and B Cell Signaling in Rheumatoid Arthritis | 3.24E-06 | 5/86 | IL1A, IL2, TGFB1, LTA, IL1B | |
Role of Macrophages, Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritisa | 3.32E-06a | 7/311a | VEGFA, IL1A, TGFB1, LTA, IL1B, IL7, PGF | |
Tumor
| Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer | 7.10E-07 | 7/378 | TP53, CCND2, APAF1, BMP7, BRCA1, CTNNB1, BMP10 |
p53 Signaling | 7.10E-07 | 5/96 | TP53, CCND2, APAF1, BRCA1, CTNNB1 | |
Basal Cell Carcinoma Signaling | 1.27E-05 | 4/73 | TP53, BMP7, CTNNB1, BMP10 | |
GADD45 Signaling | 1.43E-05 | 3/22 | TP53, CCND2, BRCA1 | |
Role of NANOG in Mammalian Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotencya | 4.54E-05a | 4/114a | TP53, BMP7, CTNNB1, BMP10 |
Dietary effects on metabolic parameters, hormone levels and systemic factors
4 wks on diet | 10 wks on diet | Tumors | |
---|---|---|---|
HFD versus LFD | HFD versus LFD | HFD-E versus LFD | |
Serum factor | Fold change | Fold change | Fold change |
HGF | - | - | 2.1 |
OPG | 1.3 | - | - |
IGF-1 | 1.3 | - | - |
prolactin | - | 0.68 | - |