Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
CT scanning protocols
Coronary CTA analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of the patients, stratified by grades of SCH and sex
Characteristics | SCH patients (n = 234) | Mild SCH (n = 143) | Moderate SCH (n = 62) | Severe SCH (n = 28) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 71.5 ± 9.8 | 72.0 ± 9.8 | 70.9 ± 9.4 | 69.9 ± 10.2 | 0.514 |
Male (%) | 116 (49.6) | 75 (52.4) | 27 (43.5) | 14 (50) | 0.456 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 4.6 | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 22.8 ± 5.2 | 24.2 ± 8.2 | 0.273 |
Hypertension (%) | 152 (65) | 93 (65) | 43 (69.4) | 16 (57.1) | 0.591 |
SBP (mmHg) | 136.7 ± 20.3 | 137.7 ± 19.8 | 136.2 ± 21.8 | 132.6 ± 20.1 | 0.518 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.2 ± 13.5 | 79.1 ± 13.4 | 80.3 ± 13.3 | 77.4 ± 14.9 | 0.681 |
DM (%) | 79 (33.8) | 56 (39.2) | 16 (25.8) | 7 (25) | 0.091 |
Duration of DM (year) | 3.5 ± 6.9 | 4.1 ± 7.6 | 2.5 ± 5.3 | 2.8 ± 6.2 | 0.271 |
Hyperlipemia (%) | 47 (20) | 27 (18.9) | 12 (19.4) | 8 (28.5) | 0.660 |
Smoking (%) | 33 (14.1) | 22 (15.4) | 6 (9.7) | 2 (7) | 0.601 |
Using of statins (%) | 39 (16.7) | 28 (20.9) | 7 (11.3) | 4 (14.3) | 0.293 |
Using of antiplatelet agents (%) | 39 (16.7) | 25 (17.5) | 10 (16.1) | 4 (14.3) | 0.903 |
Fasting blood-glucose (mmol/L) | 6.4 ± 2.3 | 6.5 ± 2.3 | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 6.4 ± 2.1 | 0.730 |
FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.5 ± 2.5 | 4.7 ± 3.2 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 0.510 |
FT4 (pmol/L) | 15.7 ± 2.1 | 16.0 ± 2.1 | 15.3 ± 2.1* | 14.7 ± 2.0*# | < 0.001 |
TSH (mU/L) | 7.2 ± 3.1 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 8.0 ± 0.8* | 13.7 ± 4.2*# | < 0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 0.932 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 0.354 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.345 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 0.519 |
Men with SCH (n = 116) | Women with SCH (n = 118 | P值 | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 71.0 ± 10.6 | 71.9 ± 8.9 | 0.472 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 5.2 | 23.1 ± 3.9 | 0.122 |
Hypertension (%) | 80 (68.9) | 72 (61.0) | 0.220 |
SBP (mmHg) | 136.4 ± 22.5 | 136.7 ± 17.4 | 0.913 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.8 ± 14.6 | 78.0 ± 11.6 | 0.290 |
DM (%) | 39 (33.6) | 40 (33.9) | 0.964 |
Duration of DM (year) | 3.4 ± 6.6 | 3.5 ± 7.2 | 0.883 |
Hyperlipemia (%) | 21 (18.1) | 26 (22.0) | 0.397 |
Smoking (%) | 24 (23.1) | 2 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
Using of statins (%) | 17 (14.7) | 22 (18.6) | 0.484 |
Using of antiplatelet agents (%) | 23 (19.8) | 16 (13.6) | 0.224 |
Fasting blood-glucose (mmol/L) | 6.6 ± 2.5 | 6.2 ± 2.1 | 0.235 |
Mild SCH (%) | 75 (64.7) | 68 (57.6) | 0.378 |
Moderate SCH (%) | 27 (23.3) | 36 (30.5) | 0.291 |
Severe SCH (%) | 14 (12.1) | 14 (11.9) | 0.814 |
FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.8 ± 1.6 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 0.082 |
FT4 (pmol/L) | 15.8 ± 2.0 | 15.6 ± 2.3 | 0.444 |
TSH (mU/L) | 7.0 ± 2.8 | 7.4 ± 3.3 | 0.332 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 0.136 |
TC (mmol/L) | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 0.054 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.079 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 0.164 |
Plaque distribution and coronary artery stenosis in different grades of SCH
All patients (n = 234) | Mild SCH (n = 143) | Moderate SCH (n = 62) | Severe SCH (n = 28) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Types of plaque | |||||
Calcified plaque | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 2.0 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 0.7 ± 0.9* | < 0.001 |
Mixed plaque | 1.3 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 1.9 | 1.1 ± 1.6 | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 0.302 |
Non-calcified plaque | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 1.0* | < 0.001 |
Grading of stenosis | |||||
Minimal stenosis | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 1.2 ± 1.5 | 0.5 ± 0.8*# | 0.021 |
Mild stenosis | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 1.2 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.2*# | 0.001 |
Moderate stenosis | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.848 |
Severe stenosis | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.069 |
Obstructive stenosis | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.831 |
SIS | 3.5 ± 2.4 | 3.7 ± 2.4 | 2.9 ± 2.4 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | 0.084 |
SSS | 6.8 ± 6.0 | 7.4 ± 6.4 | 5.4 ± 5.6 | 6.0 ± 3.5 | 0.092 |
Comparison of characteristics of CAD between different sexes
Men with SCH (n = 116) | Women with SCH (n = 118) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Types of plaque | |||
Calcified plaque | 1.7 ± 1.8 | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 0.704 |
Mixed plaque | 1.7 ± 2.0 | 1.0 ± 1.4 | 0.002 |
Non-calcified plaque | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.363 |
Grading of stenosis | |||
Minimal stenosis | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 0.560 |
Mild stenosis | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 0.165 |
Moderate stenosis | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.003 |
Severe stenosis | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.644 |
Obstructive stenosis | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | 0.171 |
SIS | 3.9 ± 2.3 | 3.0 ± 2.3 | 0.004 |
SSS | 7.8 ± 5.4 | 5.4 ± 3.0 | 0.002 |
Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors of non-calcified plaques and SSS in SCH patients
Univariate | Multivariate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
Sex | 1.26 (0.72–2.19) | 0.426 | – | 0.872 |
Age | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.026 | – | 0.245 |
BMI | 1.00 (0.92–1.05) | 0.644 | – | 0.787 |
DM | 1.43 (0.80–2.55) | 0.227 | – | 0.235 |
Hypertension | 0.70 (0.39–1.24) | 0.221 | – | 0.405 |
Hyperlipemia | 1.15 (0.54–2.31) | 0.561 | – | 0.964 |
Using of statins | 0.89 (0.41–1.90) | 0.751 | – | 0.683 |
Using of antiplatelet agents | 1.02 (0.48–2.14) | 0.965 | – | 0.837 |
Smoking | 2.50 (1.18–5.29) | 0.017 | 3.06 (1.34–6.99) | 0.008 |
Grade of SCH | ||||
Mild | Reference | – | Reference | – |
Moderate | 1.73 (0.90–3.34) | 0.099 | 2.11 (1.03–4.34) | 0.042 |
Severe | 6.24 (2.62–14.86) | < 0.001 | 10.00 (3.82–26.20) | < 0.001 |
Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Β (95% CI) | p value | Β (95% CI) | β | p value | |
Sex | 2.54 (0.92–4.16) | 0.001 | 1.67 (0.27–3.10) | 0.16 | 0.009 |
Age | 0.05 (− 0.04 to 0.13) | 0.264 | – | – | 0.948 |
BMI | 0.08 (− 0.08 to 0.25) | 0.336 | – | – | 0.945 |
DM | 2.72 (1.15–4.30) | 0.001 | 2.23 (0.68–3.77) | 0.19 | 0.005 |
Hypertension | 2.21 (0.63–3.78) | 0.006 | – | – | 0.073 |
Hyperlipemia | 0.57 (-1.32–2.47) | 0.552 | – | – | 0.923 |
Using of statins | 0.59 (− 1.46 to 2.63) | 0.574 | – | – | 0.438 |
Using of antiplatelet agents | 1.12 (− 0.93 to 3.12) | 0.281 | – | – | 0.239 |
Smoking | 0.27 (− 1.92 to 2.46) | 0.807 | – | – | 0.855 |
Grade of SCH | 0.940 | ||||
Mild | Reference | – | Reference | – | – |
Moderate | − 2.15 (− 3.90 to 0.12) | 0.016 | – | – | 0.541 |
Severe | − 1.28 (− 3.66 to 1.11) | 0.292 | – | – | 0.819 |