Background
Methods
Study design and population
Laboratory methods
Statistical analyses
Sensitivity analyses
Results
Study population
Childrena | Adultsa | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pienter-1 | Pienter-2 | Pienter-1 | Pienter-2 | |||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Total | 1403 | 1484 | 2253 | 2023 | ||||
Gender | ||||||||
Men | 755 | 53.81 | 754 | 50.81 | 1006 | 44.65 | 815 | 40.29 |
Women | 648 | 46.19 | 730 | 49.19 | 1247 | 55.35 | 1208 | 59.71 |
Age (median) | 5 | 5 | 32 | 30 | ||||
Ethnicityb | ||||||||
Native Dutch | 1201 | 85.60 | 897 | 60.44 | 2019 | 89.61 | 1689 | 83.49 |
Western, other | 74 | 5.27 | 57 | 3.84 | 131 | 5.81 | 152 | 7.51 |
Moroccan/Turkish | 57 | 4.06 | 202 | 13.61 | 47 | 2.09 | 50 | 2.47 |
Surinamese/Aruban/Antillean | 24 | 1.71 | 164 | 11.05 | 27 | 1.20 | 50 | 2.47 |
Non-Western, other | 47 | 3.35 | 164 | 11.05 | 29 | 1.29 | 82 | 4.05 |
Generation of migrantb | ||||||||
Native Dutch | 1201 | 85.60 | 897 | 60.44 | 2019 | 89.61 | 1689 | 83.49 |
1st generation | 41 | 2.92 | 286 | 19.27 | 123 | 5.46 | 174 | 8.60 |
2nd generation | 161 | 11.48 | 301 | 20.28 | 111 | 4.93 | 160 | 7.91 |
Degree of urbanization | ||||||||
Very high | 160 | 11.40 | 416 | 28.03 | 233 | 10.34 | 379 | 18.73 |
Less high | 1243 | 88.60 | 1068 | 71.97 | 2020 | 89.66 | 1644 | 81.27 |
Education levelc | ||||||||
Moderate or low | 955 | 68.07 | 1014 | 68.33 | 1794 | 79.63 | 1396 | 69.01 |
High | 421 | 30.01 | 431 | 29.04 | 436 | 19.35 | 601 | 29.71 |
Unknown | 27 | 1.92 | 39 | 2.63 | 23 | 1.02 | 26 | 1.29 |
Household | ||||||||
1-2 persons | 19 | 1.35 | 46 | 3.10 | 724 | 32.13 | 643 | 31.78 |
3-4 persons | 852 | 60.73 | 888 | 59.84 | 1086 | 48.20 | 1000 | 49.43 |
> = 5 persons | 520 | 37.06 | 515 | 34.70 | 408 | 18.11 | 356 | 17.60 |
Unknown | 12 | 0.86 | 35 | 2.36 | 35 | 1.55 | 24 | 1.19 |
Child in household attending day care | ||||||||
No | 1193 | 85.03 | 1154 | 77.76 | 1972 | 87.53 | 1694 | 83.74 |
Yes | 184 | 13.11 | 278 | 18.73 | 237 | 10.52 | 295 | 14.58 |
Unknown | 26 | 1.85 | 52 | 3.50 | 44 | 1.95 | 34 | 1.68 |
Child attending day care | ||||||||
No | 1091 | 77.76 | 1058 | 71.29 | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 281 | 20.03 | 382 | 25.74 | - | - | - | - |
Unknown | 31 | 2.21 | 44 | 2.96 | - | - | - | - |
Ever had sexual intercourse | ||||||||
No | - | - | - | - | 206 | 9.14 | 266 | 13.15 |
Yes | - | - | - | - | 1932 | 85.75 | 1668 | 82.45 |
Unknown | - | - | - | - | 115 | 5.10 | 89 | 4.40 |
Weighted seroprevalence
Determinants associated with seropositivity
HSV-1 | HSV-2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Childrena | Adultsa | Adultsa | ||||
OR [95 % CI]b | aOR [95 % CI] | OR [95 % CI]b | aOR [95 % CI] | OR [95 % CI]b | aOR [95 % CI] | |
Pienter | ||||||
Pienter-1 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Pienter-2 |
0.69 [0.55-0.86]
|
0.68 [0.54-0.85]
|
0.79 [0.66-0.94]
|
0.80 [0.67-0.96]
| 0.94 [0.71-1.25] | 0.90 [0.68-1.21] |
Gender | ||||||
Men | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Women |
1.28 [1.09-1.51]
|
1.32 [1.12-1.56]
|
1.22 [1.07-1.40]
|
1.20 [1.04-1.37]
|
1.46 [1.22-1.74]
|
1.46 [1.22-1.75]
|
Age (continuously) |
1.21 [1.18-1.23]
|
1.23 [1.20-1.26]
|
1.06 [1.05-1.07]
|
1.05 [1.04-1.06]
|
1.05 [1.04-1.07]
|
1.04 [1.03-1.06]
|
Ethnicity | ||||||
Native Dutch | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Western, other | 1.01 [0.64-1.59] | 1.03 [0.66-1.62] |
1.35 [1.06-1.70]
|
1.42 [1.12-1.80]
| 1.23 [0.85-1.78] | 1.21 [0.84-1.76] |
Moroccan/Turkish |
4.02 [2.80-5.78]
|
4.00 [2.74-5.83]
|
15.80 [8.15-30.64]
|
16.30 [8.15-32.61]
| 0.78 [0.35-1.72] | 0.84 [0.37-1.92] |
Surinamese/Aruban/Antillean |
2.24 [1.67-3.01]
|
2.55 [1.89-3.43]
|
2.46 [1.52-4.00]
|
2.74 [1.69-4.46]
|
1.85 [1.01-3.37]
|
2.02 [1.11-3.66]
|
Non-Western, other |
2.45 [1.75-3.42]
|
2.60 [1.78-3.78]
|
4.47 [2.65-7.56]
|
4.79 [2.74-8.37]
|
1.87 [1.05-3.30]
|
1.98 [1.12-3.49]
|
Generation of migrantc | ||||||
Native Dutch | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
1st generation |
3.29 [2.36-4.57]
| - |
4.84 [3.49-6.70]
| - |
1.59 [1.11-2.28]
| - |
2nd generation |
1.94 [1.48-2.53]
| - |
1.38 [1.04-1.83]
| - | 1.05 [0.68-1.62] | - |
Degree of urbanization | ||||||
Very high | 1.12 [0.85-1.48] | 1.16 [0.89-1.50] | 0.90 [0.74-1.08] | 0.97 [0.81-1.15] | 1.07 [0.75-1.52] | 1.04 [0.73-1.48] |
Less high | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Education leveld | ||||||
Moderate or low |
1.43 [1.16-1.77]
|
1.44 [1.16-1.80]
|
1.26 [1.07-1.47]
|
1.23 [1.05-1.45]
|
0.69 [0.55-0.88]
|
0.70 [0.55-0.89]
|
High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Unknown |
2.06 [1.19-3.57]
| 1.53 [0.79-2.98] | 1.35 [0.67-2.70] | 1.80 [0.85-3.82] | 1.10 [0.43-2.85] | 1.14 [0.41-3.12] |
Household | ||||||
1-2 persons | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | - | - |
3-4 persons | 1.58 [0.84-2.95] | 1.57 [0.84-2.93] |
1.17 [1.02-1.34]
| 1.14 [0.99-1.31] | - | - |
> = 5 persons | 1.64 [0.86-3.13] | 1.69 [0.89-3.20] | 1.08 [0.89-1.30] | 1.10 [0.90-1.34] | - | - |
Unknown |
3.94 [2.17-7.16]
|
3.94 [1.93-8.04]
| 1.15 [0.65-2.03] |
2.04 [1.03-4.04]
| - | - |
Child in household attending day care | ||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | - | - |
Yes | 0.95 [0.71-1.28] | 0.95 [0.71-1.26] | 1.17 [0.98-1.41] | 1.14 [0.94-1.39] | - | - |
Unknown | 1.41 [0.95-2.08] | 1.20 [0.58-2.50] |
0.48 [0.29-0.78]
|
0.33 [0.18-0.58]
| - | - |
Child attending day care | ||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | - | - | - | - |
Yes |
1.41 [1.07-1.85]
|
1.50 [1.12-2.01]
| - | - | - | - |
Unknown | 1.31 [0.87-1.97] | 0.79 [0.36-1.73] | - | - | - | - |
Ever had sexual intercourse | ||||||
No | - | - | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | - | - |
1.63 [1.29-2.06]
|
1.69 [1.33-2.16]
|
2.47 [1.28-4.74]
|
2.35 [1.23-4.52]
|
Unknown | - | - | 1.38 [0.98-1.95] | 1.39 [0.97-1.99] |
2.43 [1.13-5.22]
|
2.22 [1.03-4.81]
|
HSV-1 | HSV-2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | OR [95 % CI]b | aOR [95 % CI]c | OR [95 % CI]b | aOR [95 % CI]c | |
Number of recent partnersd | |||||
0 partners | 226 (6.28) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
1 partners | 3031 (84.19) |
1.39 [1.05-1.83]
| 1.12 [0.71-1.75] | 1.28 [0.81-2.04] | 0.52 [0.24-1.12] |
> = 2 partners | 195 (5.42) | 1.15 [0.75-1.74] | 0.85 [0.50-1.46] | 1.51 [0.82-2.78] | 0.48 [0.21-1.12] |
Unknown | 148 (4.11) |
1.68 [1.10-2.59]
| 1.34 [0.84-2.13] | 1.27 [0.65-2.48] | 0.78 [0.37-1.64] |
Sexual preference | |||||
Heterosexual | 3242 (90.06) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Homo-/bisexual | 47 (1.31) | 1.10 [0.66-1.84] | 1.23 [0.72-2.11] |
2.31 [1.23-4.35]
| 1.94 [0.98-3.83] |
Unknown | 311 (8.64) |
0.78 [0.62-0.98]
| 0.87 [0.60-1.26] |
0.58 [0.38-0.91]
|
0.35 [0.17-0.72]
|
Self-reported history of STI | |||||
No | 3326 (92.39) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes, excluding genital herpes | 123 (3.42) | 1.18 [0.79-1.76] | 1.18 [0.78-1.76] |
1.75 [1.06-2.90]
| 1.66 [0.98-2.81] |
Yes, genital herpes | 29 (0.81) | 1.88 [0.78-4.50] | 1.84 [0.75-4.53] |
7.53 [3.20-17.69]
|
7.71 [3.19-18.60]
|
Unknown | 122 (3.39) | 1.11 [0.73-1.68] | 1.04 [0.69-1.58] | 1.12 [0.60-2.09] | 1.21 [0.66-2.22] |
Age at sexual debut | |||||
<=16 years | 871 (24.19) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
17-20 years | 1703 (47.31) |
0.75 [0.63-0.89]
|
0.74 [0.62-0.88]
| 1.20 [0.88-1.63] | 1.22 [0.88-1.69] |
> = 21 years | 562 (15.61) |
0.62 [0.51-0.76]
|
0.64 [0.52-0.78]
| 1.02 [0.74-1.41] | 1.05 [0.74-1.49] |
Unknown | 464 (12.89) | 0.89 [0.72-1.09] | 0.85 [0.70-1.04] | 0.91 [0.61-1.38] | 0.96 [0.63-1.46] |
Condom use steady partnere | |||||
Consistent | 219 (13.13) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Inconsistent | 1068 (64.03) | 0.96 [0.70-1.32] | - | 1.12 [0.65-1.92] | - |
Unknown/no steady partner | 381 (22.84) | 0.91 [0.63-1.30] | - | 0.79 [0.43-1.45] | - |
Condom use casual partnere | |||||
Consistent | 80 (4.80) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Inconsistent | 68 (4.08) | 1.25 [0.67-2.32] | - | 0.30 [0.07-1.25] | - |
Unknown/no casual partner | 1520 (91.13) | 1.04 [0.66-1.63] | - | 0.62 [0.31-1.24] | - |