Background
Methods
Literature search strategy
Study screening and selection
Data extraction and quality assessment
Author | Year | Country | Subjects | R/S | Gene | TP (n) | FP (n) | FN (n) | TN (n) | NOS | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pietzka | 2009 | Austria | Multidrug-resistant TB | 49/19 | rpoB | 44 | 2 | 5 | 17 | 8 | [18] |
Choi | 2010 | Korea | Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance | 100/117 73/124 | katG, inhA rpoB | 90 72 | 0 0 | 10 1 | 117 124 | 10 | [19] |
Ong | 2010 | Singapore | Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance | 53/6 28/31 | katG and mab-inhA rpoB | 52 25 | 1 0 | 1 3 | 5 31 | 8 | [20] |
Ramirez | 2010 | United States | Multidrug-resistant TB | 148/104 | katG, inhA rpoB | 126 | 2 | 22 | 102 | 8 | [21] |
Wang | 2011 | China | Streptomycin resistance | 30/0 | rpsL | 21 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 5 | [22] |
Chen | 2011 | Australia | Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance Ofloxacin resistance | 69/46 54/61 41/74 | katG and mab-inhA rpoB gyrA | 67 51 41 | 0 1 1 | 2 3 0 | 48 60 73 | 9 | [23] |
Lee | 2012 | Singapore | Fluoroquinolone and Streptomycin resistance | 25/28 48/14 | gyrA rpsL | 19 42 | 0 0 | 6 6 | 28 14 | 7 | [24] |
Yadav | 2012 | India | Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance Streptomycin resistance | 35/20 29/20 34/20 | katG rpoB rpsL | 30 27 21 | 2 0 0 | 5 2 13 | 18 20 20 | 9 | [25] |
Nagai | 2013 | Japan | Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance Ethambutol resistance Streptomycin resistance | 12/15 10/17 8/19 11/16 | katG, mab-inhA rpoB embB rpsL, rrs | 11 10 8 11 | 0 2 0 1 | 1 0 0 0 | 15 15 19 15 | 10 | [26] |
Nour | 2013 | Egypt | Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance | 20/10 13/17 | katG, rpoB | 17 12 | 0 0 | 3 1 | 10 17 | 6 | [27] |
Haeili | 2014 | Iran | Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance | 21/54 20/54 | katG rpoB | 18 19 | 0 0 | 3 1 | 54 54 | 8 | [28] |
Pholwat | 2014 | United States | Pyrazinamide resistance | 55/41 | pncA | 34 | 7 | 21 | 34 | 8 | [29] |
Malhotra | 2015 | India | Rifampicin resistance | 103/116 | rpoB | 93 | 3 | 10 | 113 | 9 | [30] |
Pholwat | 2015 | United states | Drug-resistant TB | 186/41 161/58 80/123 107/304 40/180 56/57 | inhA or katG rpoB embB rpsL, rrs, eis gyrA-gyrB pncA | 174 153 62 89 31 49 | 0 11 35 18 3 2 | 12 8 18 18 9 7 | 41 47 88 286 177 55 | 10 | [31] |
Osman | 2016 | Africa | Pyrazinamide resistance | 29/66 | pncA | 14 | 17 | 15 | 49 | 7 | [32] |
Galarza | 2016 | Peru | Multidrug-resistant TB Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance | 78/89 78/89 78/89 | katG, inhA rpoB | 77 77 77 | 2 2 0 | 1 1 1 | 87 87 89 | 8 | [33] |
Anthwal | 2017 | India | Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance | 21/78 11/88 | katG, inhA rpoB | 18 10 | 0 0 | 3 1 | 88 88 | 9 | [34] |
Rezaei | 2017 | Iran | Ethambutol resistance Streptomycin resistance | 21/55 25/51 | embB rrs, rpsL | 19 22 | 2 0 | 2 3 | 53 51 | 6 | [35] |
Sirous | 2018 | Iran | Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance Ofloxacin resistance | 16/20 18/20 5/20 | katG and mab-inhA rpoB gyrA | 14 15 4 | 0 0 0 | 2 3 1 | 20 20 20 | 10 | [36] |
Negi | 2018 | India | Multidrug-resistant TB | 94/49 | katG, rpoB | 85 | 0 | 9 | 49 | 8 | [37] |
Filipenko | 2019 | Russia | Pyrazinamide resistance | 38/20 | pncA | 31 | 3 | 7 | 17 | 7 | [38] |
Arefzadeh | 2020 | Iran | Rifampicin resistance | 5/75 | rpoB | 5 | 8 | 0 | 67 | 8 | [39] |
Anukool | 2020 | Thailand | Isoniazid resistance Rifampicin resistance | 34/69 37/70 | katG, inhA rpoB | 33 31 | 4 1 | 1 6 | 65 69 | 9 | [40] |
Wang | 2020 | China | Ethambutol resistance | 59/163 | embB | 49 | 9 | 10 | 154 | 7 | [41] |
Statistical analysis
Results
Characterization of included studies
Meta-analysis results
Subgroup analysis
Drugs | Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) | DOR (95% CI) | SROC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AUC | Q* | ||||
Isoniazid | 93% (91–95) | 98% (97–99) | 459.85 (198.64–1064.55) | 0.987 | 0.953 |
Rifampin | 94% (92–95) | 97% (95–98) | 414.98 (182.7–942.6) | 0.963 | 0.935 |
Ethambutol | 82% (75–88) | 87% (83–90) | 69.50 (10.57–457.09) | 0.728 | 0.794 |
Streptomycin | 82% (77–87) | 95% (93–97) | 92.82 (49.36–174.55) | 0.957 | 0.900 |
Pyrazinamide | 72% (65–78) | 84% (78–89) | 16.11 (3.11–83.5) | 0.845 | 0.777 |
MDR-TB | 90% (86–93) | 98% (95–99) | 404.41 (87.02–1879.41) | 0.989 | 0.956 |
fluoroquinolones | 86% (78–92) | 99% (97–100) | 274.63 (83.71–901.02) | 0.997 | 0.980 |
First-line | 89% (88–90) | 95% (94–96) | 232.05 (121.50–443.21) | 0.973 | 0.925 |
Discussion
Test | Type | Advantage | Disadvantage | Limitation | Cost | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Culture-based methods | Solid-based media | High sensitivity and specificity | Cumbersome, time-consuming, laborious, need to standardization, need to skilled laboratory technicians, need to high-biosafety laboratories | Unreliability of HIV-positive cases, low sensitivity for extrapulmonary TB, less sensitive and slower than liquid culture | Relatively-expensive | |
Liquid-based media | Rapid automated, facilitate the processing of large numbers of specimens, high reproducibility, high sensitivity and specificity | Complexity, bio-safety concern, need for standardization, need for equipment | Inability to check the colony morphology of the growing bacteria, invisible contamination, overgrowth of NTM, need of expensive complex systems | High-cost | ||
Colorimetric- based method | Rapid, inexpensive | Low sensitivity and specificity | NTM can produce cord factor, applied for culture isolates, isoniazid can lead to false-positive, need to large inoculum size | Low-cost | ||
Molecular-based methods | GeneXpert | A rapid, high reproducibility, high sensitivity and specificity, reliability of results for HIV-infected individuals, and extrapulmonary TB | Complexity, need for specialized laboratories, operator dependency | inability to detect isoniazid mono-resistance, mutation out of the rpoB was not detected, shelf life of the cartridges is only 18 months, very stable electricity supply is required, the instrument needs to be recalibrated annually | High-cost | |
Line probe assays | Detection of MTB complex, screening of resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, and MDR-TB, high sensitivity and specificity | Limited number of gene targets, high rate of uninterpretable results, risk of cross contamination due to its open-tube format | Applicable for smear-positive and culture isolates, time consuming due hybridization process, need to trained technicians | High-cost | ||
HRM | Rapid, simple, closed-tube, homogenous, affordable method, cost-efficient | Variability of sensitivity and specificity for individual clinical diagnostic setting, misdiagnosis of small insertions and deletions, lack of databases | Poor accuracy in genotyping, safe amplicon length (more than 400 bp) depends on good PCR, instruments, and dyes | Low-cost |