Background
Methods
Calcification assay
Proliferation assay
Experimental animals
Radiographic, microscopic, and histological examinations
Cartilage thickness
Immunohistochemistry
Microarray
Statistical analyses
Results
Calcification- and proliferation-inhibitory activities
Radiographic examinations
Microscopic examinations
Histological examinations
Immunohistochemistry
The effect of PC-E on gene expressions
Biological process | Gene name | Gene ID | Differ Expre (fold)* PC | Differ Expre (fold)** PC-E | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell proliferation | |||||
BLM | NM_000057 | −3.64 | −1.78 | Bloom syndrome | |
CCNE2 | AF112857 | −3.74 | 0.00 | Cyclin E2 | |
CCNE1 | AI671049 | −2.30 | 0.00 | Cyclin E1 | |
CDC25A | AY137580 | −3.63 | 0.00 | Cell division cycle 25 homolog A (S. pombe) | |
CDC25C | NM_001790 | −2.31 | 0.00 | Cell division cycle 25 homolog C (S. pombe) | |
CDC2 | AA749427 | −3.13 | −3.42 | Cell division cycle 2, G1 to S and G2 to M | |
CDC6 | NM_001254 | −2.36 | −9.19 | Cell division cycle 6 homolog (S. cerevisiae) | |
CDC7 | NM_003503 | −2.12 | −4.42 | Cell division cycle 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae) | |
CDCA3 | NM_031299 | −1.83 | −2.61 | Cell division cycle associated 3 | |
CDCA5 | BE614410 | −2.41 | −3.37 | Cell division cycle associated 5 | |
CDCA7 | AY029179 | −2.36 | −4.60 | Cell division cycle associated 7 | |
CDCA8 | BC001651 | −2.11 | −2.12 | Cell division cycle associated 8 | |
CDK2 | AB012305 | −2.74 | −3.36 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 | |
NCAPH | D38553 | −2.64 | −2.21 | Non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit H | |
HELLS | NM_018063 | −2.49 | −4.77 | Helicase, lymphoid-specific | |
AURKB | AB011446 | −2.43 | 0.00 | Aurora kinase B | |
KIF23 | AW192521 | −2.41 | −3.83 | Kinesin family member 23 | |
CLASP2 | BC029035 | −2.40 | 0.00 | Cytoplasmic linker associated protein 2 | |
NUF2 | AF326731 | −2.35 | −4.04 | NUF2, NDC80 kinetochore complex component, homolog | |
DSN1 | NM_024918 | −2.35 | −3.09 | DSN1, MIND kinetochore complex component, homolog | |
SPC24 | AI469788 | −2.32 | 0.00 | SPC24, NDC80 kinetochore complex component, homolog | |
SPC25 | AF225416 | −2.10 | −3.40 | SPC25, NDC80 kinetochore complex component, homolog | |
HMGA2 | AI990940 | −2.30 | −3.41 | High mobility group AT-hook 2 | |
LIG1 | NM_000234 | −2.25 | −2.20 | Ligase I, DNA, ATP-dependent | |
KIFC1 | BC000712 | −2.21 | −2.08 | Kinesin family member C1 | |
BRCA2 | X95152 | −2.18 | 0.00 | Breast cancer 2, early onset | |
ERCC6L | NM_017669 | −2.17 | −2.29 | Exc repair cross-comp repair deficiency, comp group 6-like | |
SPAG5 | NM_006461 | −2.16 | −2.61 | Sperm associated antigen 5 | |
NEK2 | Z25425 | −2.14 | −2.20 | NIMA (never in mitosis gene a)-related kinase 2 | |
NCAPG | NM_022346 | −2.12 | −4.06 | Non-SMC condensin I complex, subunit G | |
ZWINT | NM_007057 | −2.01 | −3.93 | ZW10 interactor antisense | |
PARD3B | AF428251 | 3.24 | 1.68 | Par-3 partitioning defective 3 homolog B (C. elegans) | |
11-Sep | AI333326 | 2.28 | 0.00 | Septin 11 | |
Angiogenesis | |||||
NRP1 | AF280547 | −2.69 | 0.00 | Neuropilin 1 | |
TEK | BF594294 | −2.58 | −1.73 | TEK tyrosine kinase, endothelial | |
ELK3 | NM_005230 | −2.42 | 0.00 | ELK3, ETS-domain protein (SRF accessory protein 2) | |
EREG | NM_001432 | −1.90 | 0.00 | Epiregulin | |
PML | AW291023 | −1.89 | 0.00 | Promyelocytic leukemia | |
COL15A1 | NM_001855 | −1.80 | 0.00 | Collagen, type XV, alpha 1 | |
NRP2 | AI819729 | −1.75 | 0.00 | Neuropilin 2 | |
SPHK1 | NM_021972 | −1.72 | 0.00 | Sphingosine kinase 1 | |
FOXC2 | NM_005251 | −1.68 | 0.00 | Forkhead box C2 (MFH-1, mesenchyme forkhead 1) | |
SCG2 | NM_003469 | −1.66 | 2.54 | Secretogranin II (chromogranin C) | |
EDNRA | NM_001957 | −1.56 | 0.00 | Endothelin receptor type A | |
TGFBR2 | NM_003242 | −1.51 | −1.97 | Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80 kDa) | |
ROBO4 | AA156022 | −1.51 | 0.00 | Roundabout homolog 4, magic roundabout (Drosophila) | |
JAG1 | AI457817 | 2.42 | 1.76 | Jagged 1 (Alagille syndrome) | |
NOTCH4 | AI341271 | 1.75 | 0.00 | Notch homolog 4 (Drosophila) | |
RUNX1 | D89788 | 1.73 | 0.00 | Runt-related transcription factor 1 | |
EPAS1 | NM_001430 | 1.67 | 0.00 | Endothelial PAS domain protein 1 | |
Inflammatory response | |||||
PTGS2 | AY151286 | −6.09 | 0.00 | Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 | |
SERPINA1 | AF119873 | −2.15 | 0.00 | Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A | |
GPR68 | AI805006 | −2.15 | −2.44 | G protein-coupled receptor 68 | |
BMPR1B | AA935461 | −2.12 | 0.00 | Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB | |
EVI1 | BE466525 | −2.00 | −1.69 | Ecotropic viral integration site 1 | |
FOS | BC004490 | −1.92 | 1.51 | V-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog | |
IRAK2 | AI246590 | −1.82 | 0.00 | Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 2 | |
CCL2 | S69738 | −1.82 | 0.00 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 | |
CCR1 | NM_001295 | −1.60 | 0.00 | Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 1 | |
CXCL2 | M57731 | −1.66 | 0.00 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 | |
SPN | BC035510 | −1.79 | 0.00 | Sialophorin (leukosialin, CD43) | |
TLR4 | AF177765 | −1.70 | 0.00 | toll-like receptor 4 | |
SCG2 | NM_003469 | −1.66 | 2.54 | Secretogranin II (chromogranin C) | |
FN1 | AJ276395 | −1.58 | −1.52 | Fibronectin 1 | |
KLKB1 | BE326857 | −1.52 | 0.00 | Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily V, polypeptide 2 | |
NDST1 | NM_001543 | 2.05 | 0.00 | N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (heparan glucosaminyl) 1 | |
C3 | NM_000064 | 2.05 | 0.00 | Complement component 3 | |
SERPINA3 | NM_001085 | 1.88 | 0.00 | Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A | |
SBNO2 | AC005390 | 1.78 | 0.00 | strawberry notch homolog 2 (Drosophila) | |
NFKBIZ | BE646573 | 1.74 | 0.00 | NF-KB inhibitor zeta | |
MASP1 | NM_001879 | 1.64 | 0.00 | Mannan-binding lectin serine peptidase 1 | |
STAT5B | NM_012448 | 1.59 | 0.00 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B |
Biological process | Gene name | Gene ID | Differ Expre (fold)* PC | Differ Expre (fold)** PC-E | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muscle tissue development | |||||
IGFBP5 | AW157548 | 8.57 | 1.55 | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 | |
CACNB4 | NM_000726 | 2.73 | 0.00 | Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 4 subunit | |
TPM1 | AI521618 | 2.43 | 0.00 | Tropomyosin 1 (alpha) | |
JAG1 | U61276 | 2.02 | 0.00 | Jagged 1 (Alagille syndrome) | |
MORF4L2 | H43976 | 1.90 | 0.00 | Mortality factor 4 like 2 | |
NRG1 | NM_013957 | 1.88 | 0.00 | Neuregulin 1 | |
SIRT2 | BG722779 | 1.86 | 0.00 | Sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 2 | |
NF1 | D12625 | 1.80 | 0.00 | Neurofibromin 1 | |
OBSL1 | BF446688 | 1.78 | 0.00 | Obscurin-like 1 | |
MBNL1 | AA732240 | 1.73 | 0.00 | Muscleblind-like (Drosophila) | |
TPM1 | NM_000366 | 1.72 | 0.00 | Tropomyosin 1 (alpha) | |
CAV2 | AA150110 | 1.67 | 0.00 | Caveolin 2 | |
RXRA | BE675800 | 1.66 | 0.00 | Retinoid X receptor, alpha | |
NR2F2 | AL554245 | 1.63 | 0.00 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 2 | |
TCF7L2 | AV721430 | 1.61 | 2.00 | Transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific, HMG-box) | |
TBX2 | U28049 | −4.17 | 0.00 | T-box 2 | |
ADRB2 | NM_000024 | −2.36 | 0.00 | Adrenergic, beta-2-, receptor, surface | |
SORT1 | BE742268 | −1.93 | 0.00 | Sortilin 1 | |
GJC1 | NM_005497 | −1.77 | −3.09 | Gap junction protein, gamma 1, 45 kDa | |
CENPF | U30872 | −1.77 | 0.00 | Centromere protein F, 350/400 ka (mitosin) | |
BCL2 | NM_000657 | −1.71 | 1.55 | B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 | |
TBX3 | U69556 | −1.71 | 1.77 | T-box 3 | |
SDC1 | NM_002997 | −1.65 | −1.89 | Syndecan 1 | |
TBX5 | AW269421 | −1.54 | 0.00 | T-box 5 | |
RARB | NM_015854 | −1.51 | 0.00 | Retinoic acid receptor, beta | |
Skeletal development | |||||
ANXA2 | D28364 | 2.17 | 0.00 | Annexin A2 | |
VDR | AA772285 | 2.11 | 0.00 | Vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor | |
GNAS | AI693143 | 1.95 | 1.60 | GNAS complex locus | |
ACAN | NM_001135 | 1.80 | −1.51 | Aggrecan | |
COL1A1 | AI743621 | 1.66 | 0.00 | Collagen, type I, alpha 1 | |
COL1A2 | AA628535 | 1.88 | 0.00 | Collagen, type I, alpha 2 | |
COL11A1 | NM_001854 | 1.50 | 0.00 | Collagen, type XI, alpha 1 | |
COL12A1 | AU146651 | 1.93 | 1.51 | Collagen, type XII, alpha 1 | |
MSX2 | D89377 | 1.85 | 0.00 | Msh homeobox 2 | |
GHR | NM_000163 | 1.76 | 0.00 | Growth hormone receptor | |
MEF2C | AL536517 | 1.59 | 0.00 | Myocyte enhancer factor 2C | |
THRA | NM_003250 | 1.57 | 1.60 | Thyroid hormone receptor, alpha | |
RUNX2 | AW469546 | 1.55 | 1.89 | Runt-related transcription factor 2 | |
CLEC3B | NM_003278 | 1.55 | 3.26 | Exosome component 7 | |
MEF2C | N22468 | 1.55 | 0.00 | Myocyte enhancer factor 2C | |
IGFBP4 | NM_001552 | 1.54 | 0.00 | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 | |
PRKRA | AA279462 | 1.53 | 0.00 | Protein kinase, interferon-inducible RNA dependent activator | |
TNFRSF11B | NM_002546 | 1.50 | −2.76 | Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11b | |
BMPR1B | AA935461 | −2.12 | 0.00 | Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB | |
ANKH | AF274753 | −1.93 | −1.71 | Ankylosis, progressive homolog (mouse) | |
ACVR2A | NM_001616 | −1.89 | 0.00 | Activin A receptor, type IIA | |
CYTL1 | NM_018659 | −1.83 | 0.00 | Cytokine-like 1 | |
TBX3 | U69556 | −1.71 | 1.77 | T-box 3 (ulnar mammary syndrome) | |
SOX9 | NM_000346 | −1.71 | 0.00 | SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 | |
FOXC2 | NM_005251 | −1.68 | 0.00 | Forkhead box C2 (MFH-1, mesenchyme forkhead 1) | |
KIAA1217 | BC017424 | −1.66 | 0.00 | KIAA1217 | |
MMP9 | NM_004994 | −1.61 | 0.00 | Matrix metallopeptidase 9 | |
TGFBR2 | NM_003242 | −1.51 | −1.97 | Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80 kDa) |