Background
Methods
Population study
Definition of peripheral arterial disease
Definition of outcomes
Statistical analyses
Results
Clinical characteristics at baseline
Incidence of outcomes during follow-up according to the history of major PAD at baseline
Baseline history of major PAD | Hazard ratios (major PAD vs. not) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 10,624) | Yes (n = 516) | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
HR | 95 % CI | p | HR | 95 % CI | p | |||
All-cause mortality, n (%) | 2101 (19.8) | 164 (31.8) | 1.57 | 1.33–1.84 | <0.0001 | 1.35 | 1.15–1.60 | 0.0004 |
Major macrovascular events, n (%) | 2025 (19.1) | 141 (27.3) | 1.59 | 1.34–1.88 | <0.0001 | 1.47 | 1.23–1.75 | <0.0001 |
Cardiovascular death, n (%) | 904 (8.5) | 84 (16.3) | 1.99 | 1.59–2.49 | <0.0001 | 1.75 | 1.39–2.21 | <0.0001 |
Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 665 (6.3) | 57 (11.0) | 1.76 | 1.34–2.31 | <0.0001 | 1.58 | 1.19–2.09 | 0.001 |
Stroke, n (%) | 924 (8.7) | 44 (8.5) | 1.24 | 0.92–1.68 | 0.16 | 1.19 | 0.87–1.62 | 0.28 |
Major clinical microvascular events, n (%) | 763 (7.2) | 44 (8.5) | 1.43 | 1.05–1.94 | 0.02 | 1.31 | 0.96–1.78 | 0.09 |
Retinal photocoagulation or blindness, n (%) | 632 (5.9) | 37 (7.2) | 1.48 | 1.06–2.07 | 0.02 | 1.39 | 0.99–1.95 | 0.05 |
End-stage renal disease or renal death, n (%) | 160 (1.5) | 8 (1.6) | 1.15 | 0.56–2.34 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 0.46–1.97 | 0.90 |
Incidence of outcomes during follow-up according to different presentations of major PAD at baseline
Lower-extremity ulceration or amputation (n = 300) | Peripheral revascularization (n = 190) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Male sex, n (%) | 177 (59.0) | 140 (73.7) | 0.0009 |
Region of origin: Asia, n (%) | 81 (27.0) | 12 (6.3) | <0.0001 |
Region of origin: established market economies, n (%) | 158 (52.7) | 135 (71.0) | |
Region of origin: Eastern Europe, n (%) | 61 (20.3) | 43 (22.6) | |
Age (years): mean (SD) | 66.2 (6.7) | 66.6 (6.9) | 0.55 |
Duration of diabetes (years): median (Q1, Q3) | 8.0 (4.0, 12.0) | 6.0 (3.0, 11.0) | 0.007 |
Waist circumference (cm): mean (SD) | 101 (14) | 102 (14) | 0.72 |
Body mass index (kg/m2): mean (SD) | 29.0 (5.9) | 28.5 (4.4) | 0.32 |
Heart rate (bpm): mean (SD) | 74.5 (11.1) | 72.4 (13.2) | 0.06 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg): mean (SD) | 145 (22) | 144 (22) | 0.76 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg): mean (SD) | 80 (11) | 78 (10) | 0.13 |
Use of antihypertensive treatment, n (%) | 210 (70.0) | 143 (75.3) | 0.21 |
Disturbance of 10-g monofilament sensation, n (%) | 59 (19.7) | 30 (15.8) | 0.28 |
Absence of ankle reflex, n (%) | 102 (34.0) | 51 (26.8) | 0.10 |
Absence of knee reflex, n (%) | 54 (18.0) | 19 (10.0) | 0.02 |
HbA1c (%): median (Q1, Q3) | 7.3 (6.5, 8.7) | 7.0 (6.4, 7.9) | 0.18 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol): median (Q1, Q3) | 56 (47, 72) | 53 (46, 63) | |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 74 (18) | 70 (18) | 0.01 |
Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (µg/mg): median (Q1, Q3) | 19 (9, 64) | 14 (6, 55) | 0.06 |
Serum total cholesterol (mmol/l): mean (SD) | 5.2 (1.1) | 4.8 (1.0) | 0.0004 |
Serum HDL cholesterol (mmol/l): mean (SD) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.37 |
Serum triglycerides (mmol/l): median (Q1, Q3) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.5) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.3) | 0.56 |
Use of lipid lowering drugs, n (%) | 103 (34.3) | 126 (66.3) | <0.0001 |
Use of antiplatelet drugs, n (%) | 139 (46.3) | 143 (75.3) | <0.0001 |
History of current smoking, n (%) | 47 (15.7) | 30 (15.8) | 0.97 |
History of ever smoking, n (%) | 153 (51.0) | 133 (70.0) | <0.0001 |
History of current drinking, n (%) | 86 (28.7) | 89 (46.8) | <0.0001 |
Absence of PAD | Lower-extremity ulceration or amputation | Peripheral revascularization | Lower-extremity ulceration or amputation (vs. absent PAD) | Peripheral revascularization (vs. absent PAD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95 % CI) | p | HR (95 % CI) | p | ||||
All-cause mortality, n (%) | 2101 (19.8) | 92 (30.7) | 63 (33.2) | 1.39 (1.12-1.72) | 0.003 | 1.31 (1.01–1.70) | 0.04 |
Major macrovascular events, n (%) | 2025 (19.1) | 78 (26.0) | 56 (29.5) | 1.39 (1.11–1.75) | 0.005 | 1.64 (1.25–2.16) | 0.0004 |
Cardiovascular death, n (%) | 904 (8.5) | 50 (16.7) | 29 (15.3) | 1.91 (1.43–2.54) | <0.0001 | 1.52 (1.04–2.23) | 0.03 |
Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 665 (6.3) | 29 (9.7) | 25 (13.2) | 1.50 (1.03–2.19) | 0.03 | 1.73 (1.14–2.62) | 0.01 |
Stroke, n (%) | 924 (8.7) | 24 (8.0) | 18 (9.5) | 1.02 (0.67–1.55) | 0.92 | 1.54 (0.96–2.48) | 0.07 |
Major clinical microvascular events, n (%) | 763 (7.2) | 28 (9.3) | 11 (5.8) | 1.44 (0.98–2.11) | 0.06 | 0.88 (0.48–1.61) | 0.68 |
Retinal photocoagulation or blindness, n (%) | 632 (5.9) | 24 (8.0) | 9 (4.7) | 1.53 (1.01–2.30) | 0.04 | 0.94 (0.48–1.83) | 0.85 |
End-stage renal disease or renal death, n (%) | 160 (1.5) | 4 (1.3) | 3 (1.6) | 0.84 (0.31–2.30) | 0.74 | 0.94 (0.29–3.02) | 0.92 |