Background
Methods
Study area and samples collection
PCR amplification and DNA sequencing analysis of HVR domain I pfama1
Nucleotide sequence polymorphism analysis
Genetic diversity analysis of HVR pfama1 among global Plasmodium falciparum isolates
Epitope prediction
Sequences submission to GenBank NCBI
Results
Sequence polymorphism of PKH in HVR pfama1 sequences
Population genetic analyses of PKH samples in context of global isolates
Isolates | Segregating sites (S) | Singleton variable sites | Parsimony informative sites | Total no. of mutations | K | H | Hd ± SD | π | Tajima’s D | Fu and Li’s D | Fu and Li’s F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ghana | 35 | 7 | 28 | 39 | 12.04211 | 16 | 0.979 ± 0.021 | 0.02888 | 0.37976 (P > 0.10) | 0.37631 (P > 0.10) | 0.43962 (P > 0.10) |
PNG | 28 | 2 | 26 | 31 | 11.495 | 13 | 0.963 ± 0.023 | 0.02757 | 1.23920 (P > 0.10) | 1.29980 (P > 0.05) | 1.49238 (P > 0.05) |
India | 33 | 7 | 26 | 37 | 11.053 | 19 | 0.9947 ± 0.00032 | 0.02651 | 0.23721 (P > 0.10) | − 0.00337 (P > 0.10) | 0.07966 (P > 0.10) |
Myanmar | 25 | 7 | 18 | 26 | 6.326 | 9 | 0.653 ± 0.122 | 0.01517 | − 0.53086 (P > 0.10) | − 0.06044 (P > 0.10) | − 0.23238 (P > 0.10) |
PKH | 35 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 5.395 | 5 | 0.616 ± 0.106 | 0.01294 | 1.34376 (P > 0.10) | 0.77839 (P > 0.10) | 1.09423 (P > 0.10) |
Philippines | 29 | 4 | 25 | 30 | 11.053 | 9 | 0.911 ± 0.032 | 0.02651 | 1.20358 (P > 0.10) | 0.72573 (P > 0.10) | 1.01009 (P > 0.10) |
Solomon | 24 | 0 | 24 | 25 | 10.263 | 4 | 0.742 ± 0.056 | 0.02461 | 1.76659 (0.10 > P > 0.05) | 1.62535 (0.10 > P < 0.02) | 1.93964 (0.10 > P < 0.02) |
Tanzania | 35 | 6 | 29 | 39 | 11.979 | 16 | 0.963 ± 0.033 | 0.02873 | 0.35690 (P > 0.10) | 0.52264 (P > 0.10) | 0.55126 (P > 0.10) |
Thailand | 26 | 0 | 26 | 27 | 10.021 | 10 | 0.916 ± 0.040 | 0.02403 | 1.23278 (P > 0.10) | 1.43415 (P < 0.05) | 1.59960 (0.10 > P > 0.05) |
Vanuatu | 23 | 3 | 20 | 23 | 9.874 | 4 | 0.616 ± 0.067 | 0.02368 | 2.01117 (P < 0.05) | 0.90227 (P > 0.10) | 1.43009 (P > 0.10) |
Isolates | Ra | Rm |
---|---|---|
Ghana | 0.3293 | 10 |
PNG | 0.1918 | 8 |
India | 0.3293 | 8 |
Myanmar | 0.0000 | 3 |
PKH | 0.0000 | 0 |
Philippines | 0.0697 | 6 |
Solomon | 0.0221 | 3 |
Tanzania | 0.2812 | 10 |
Thailand | 0.0743 | 6 |
Vanuatu | 0.0012 | 3 |
Population | Ghana | PNG | Myanmar | PKH | Phil | Solomon | Tanzania | Thailand | Vanuatu | India |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ghana | 0 | 11.829 | 10.304 | 9.354 | 11.641 | 11.588 | 11.977 | 11.108 | 11.599 | 11.517 |
PNG | 0.986 | 0 | 10.013 | 9.671 | 11.310 | 11.196 | 11.933 | 11.087 | 11.126 | 11.315 |
Myanmar | 0.910 | 0.873 | 0 | 7.282 | 10.022 | 10.153 | 10.149 | 8.714 | 8.713 | 9.531 |
PKH | 0.901 | 0.897 | 0.822 | 0 | 9.344 | 9.342 | 9.515 | 8.235 | 9.214 | 8.415 |
Phil | 0.971 | 0.946 | 0.858 | 0.885 | 0 | 11.065 | 11.827 | 10.971 | 10.705 | 11.099 |
Solomon | 0.928 | 0.895 | 0.845 | 0.844 | 0.885 | 0 | 11.777 | 10.694 | 10.932 | 11.272 |
Tanzania | 0.982 | 0.981 | 0.905 | 0.897 | 0.965 | 0.921 | 0 | 11.196 | 11.605 | 11.458 |
Thailand | 0.974 | 0.958 | 0.858 | 0.886 | 0.942 | 0.881 | 0.971 | 0 | 10.397 | 10.710 |
Vanuatu | 0.9013 | 0.863 | 0.8115 | 0.8128 | 0.8051 | 0.7718 | 0.8974 | 0.8628 | 0 | 10.904 |
India | 0.9910 | 0.9897 | 0.9141 | 0.8731 | 0.9731 | 0.9359 | 0.9897 | 0.9782 | 0.9038 | 0 |