Background
Methods and materials
Data sources and search strategy
Study selection
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | |
---|---|---|
Population | Quantitative studies (e.g., randomized controlled trial, quasi-randomized trials, and cluster randomized trials) Studies evaluating the effect of policies have been done at the macro-population level interventions to prevention childhood obesity Children and adolescent aged 0–18 years Population includes children 0–18 years and outcomes reported separately children 0–18 years | Target group was not children or adolescents (aged > 18 years) Include overweight and obese children Pregnant adolescents Children with disabilities, health conditions (e.g. cystic fibrosis) or behavioural/learning difficulties Studies aimed at treatment childhood obesity Children with eating disorders/disordered eating (e.g. binge eating, bulimia) or other mental health disorders |
Intervention | Community-based intervention/program Reports outcomes for children and adolescent Include programs delivered in school (delivered as part of the curriculum or within school hours or after school programmes, changes to school environments/policies (e.g. foods available in the canteen, water fountain installation) Include programs which are primary prevention only Policy changes (e.g. strategies, plans) Environmental changes or interventions—e.g. new parks, water fountain installations Community health service; other community setting (church, sports club, NGO, councils) | Clinical studies (including drugs, single nutrients) Include programs which are secondary prevention Programs which involve clinical treatments (e.g. bariatric surgery) Targets eating disorders/disordered eating (e.g. binge eating, bulimia) or other mental health disorders |
Outcomes | Primary or secondary outcomes include BMI or BMI z | Outcomes not reported Primary outcomes diet/healthy eating behaviours or activity-related behaviours such as physical activity Does not report outcomes as BMI or BMI z of interest Does not report outcomes as BMI or BMI z for children and adolescents age 0–18 years Family outcomes only Parent outcomes only |
Time | Any duration of intervention | Cross-sectional/observational studies only |
Setting | Any country | None |
Study type | Intervention studies (e.g. RCT, non-randomised experimental); full scale and pilot implementation studies | Intervention pre-post studies without control group, small scale Intervention not in the macro-population level |
Publication year Any | Any | Any |
Other | Article/abstract in any language | Abstract only Review article Editorials Conference abstracts Letters Commentaries Study protocols |
Quality assessment and data extraction
Statistical analysis
Two-class meta-analysis of continuous variable
Dose–response meta-analysis of continuous variables
Results
Literature search and study characteristics
Setting (N of studies) | First Author/Year of publish/(reference) | Main focus | Interventiona | Study typeb | Country/name of program | Increase of PAc | Sessiond | Total sample (IN, CN) | Duration (year) | Range of age | Follow-up (year)e | Frequency of intervention | Target group | Quality scoref | g↓ in BMI | g↓ in BMI-Z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
School (n = 25) | Wang/2018 [22] | PA | 2 | 1 | China/YOG-Obesity study | NR | NR | 9858 (5275, 4583) | 1 | 9–12 | 0h | W | Children | 1 | ✔ | ✔ |
Leme/2018 [23] (two individual study due to follow up) | Diet + PA | 0 | 1 | Brazil/H3G-Brazil | NR | 60 | 253 (412, 111) | 0.5 | 14–18 | 0, 0.5 | M | Children and parents | 3 | – | – | |
Lubans/2016 [24] (two individual study due to follow up) | Diet + PA | 2 | 1 | Australia/ATLAS | 26 | 3 | 361 (181, 180) | 0.66 | 12–14 | 0, 0.84 | W | Children | 1 | – | – | |
Hollis/2016 [25] (two individual study due to follow up) | Diet + PA | 2 | 1 | Australia/PA4E1 | 70,156 | 288 | 1150 (645, 505) | 1, 2 | 10–11 | 0 | W | Children | 2 | ✔ | ✔ | |
Smith/2014 [26] | PA | 2 | 1 | Australia/ATLAS | 18 | 1.5 | 361 (181, 180) | 0.41 | 12–14 | 0.25 | W | Children | 2 | – | j | |
Lubans/2012 [27] | Diet + PA | 2 | 1 | Australia/NEAT Girl | 91.5 | 4.6 | 357 (178, 179) | 1 | 12–14 | 0 | W | Children | 1 | – | – | |
Millar/2011 [28] | Diet + PA | 2 | 1 | Australia/IYM | NR | NR | 2054 (1276, 778) | 1 | 12–18 | 1.3 | D | Children | 1 | ✔ | ✔ | |
Llargues/2011 [29] | Diet + PA | 2 | 1 | US/AVall | NR | 288 | 509 (272, 237) | 2 | 5–6 | 0 | W | Children | 1 | – | j | |
Salcedo Aguilar/2010 [30] (four individual study due to sex and duration) | PA | 2 | 1 | New Zealand/MOVI | 234,468 | 126 | 921 (375, 546) | 1, 1.66 | 9–10 | 0 | W | Children | 1 | – | j | |
Neumark-Sztainer/2010 [31] (two individual study due to follow up) | Diet + PA | 2 | 1 | US/New Moves | 32 | 27.33 | 356 (182, 147) | 0.33 | 14–189 | 0, 0.41 | W | Children | 1 | – | j | |
Group/2010 [32] | Diet + PA | 2 | 1 | US/school-based program on risk factors for DM | NR | NR | 4603 (2307, 2296) | 2 | 11–12 | 0 | NR | Children | 3 | i | ✔ | |
Dzewaltowski/2010 [33] | Diet + PA | 2 | 1 | US/HOP’N | 215 | 240 | 273 (148, 125) | 2 | 9–10 | 0 | D | Children | 3 | – | – | |
Donnelly/2009 [34] | PA | 2 | 1 | US/PAAC | 234 | NR | 1527 (814, 713) | 3 | 6–9 | 0 | W | Children | 1 | – | j | |
Taylor/2008 [35] (two individual study due to follow up) | Diet + PA | 2 | 2 | New Zealand/APPLE | NR | NR | 727 (381, 346) | 1 | 6–11 | 0, 1.8 | D | Children | 3 | NRk | ✔ | |
Martínez Vizcaíno /2008 [36] (two individual study due to sex) | PA | 2 | 1 | Spain/Movi | 108 | NR | 1119 (513, 579) | 0.5 | 9–10 | 0 | W | Children | 2 | – | j | |
Foster/2008 [37] | Diet + PA | 2 | 1 | US/SNPI | NR | 180 | 1349 (749, 600) | 2 | 9–12 | 0 | W | Children | 2 | i | – | |
Community, school (n = 14) | Bell/2019 [38] | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | Australia/OPAL | NR | NR | 2353 (1208, 1145) | 5 | 0–18 | 0 | D | Children and parents | 3 | – | j |
Santiago Felipe/2018 [39] | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | Spain/TCHP | NR | 30 | 2086 (974, 112) | 1.25 | 8–10 | 0 | W | Children and parents | 3 | – | ||
Novotny/2018 [40] | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | US/Children’s Healthy Living Program | NR | NR | 1882 (952, 930) | 2 | 2–8 | 0 | NR | Children | 2 | i | – | |
Adab/2018 [41] (three individual study due to follow up) | Diet + PA | 1 | 1 | UK/WAVES | 45 | 21 | 1392 (660, 732) | 1 | 6–7 | 0.25, 1.5, 2.25 | D | Children | 3 | i | – | |
Sadeghi/2017 [42] (two individual study due to sex) | Diet + PA | 0 | 1 | US/NSFS | 10.4 | NR | 422 (271, 151) | 3 | 3–8 | 1 | W | Children | 1 | i | – | |
Swinburn/2014 [43] | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | Australia/BAEW | NR | NR | 1674 (877, 797) | 3 | 10–12 | 0 | D | Children | 1 | – | – | |
Pettman/2014 [44] (two individual study due to age groups) | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | Australia/ewba | NR | NR | 2631 (1300, 1331) | 3 | 4–5, 10–12 | 0 | NR | Children | 2 | – | – | |
Kremer/2011 [45] | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | Fiji/HYHC | NR | NR | 2968 (879, 2069) | 1.75 | 13–18 | 0 | NR | Children | 2 | – | – | |
Fotu/2011 [46] | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | Tonga/MYP | NR | NR | 1712 (815, 897) | 2.4 | 11–19 | 0 | NR | Children and parents | 3 | – | – | |
Sanigorski/2008 [47] | Diet + PA | 3 | 2 | Australia/BAEW | NR | NR | 3688 (1001, 2687) | 3 | 4–12 | 0 | D | Children | 2 | – | ✔ | |
School, home (n = 2) | Romon/2009 {48] (two individual study due to sex) | Diet + PA | 2 | 2 | France/FLVS | NR | NR | 1502 (804, 698) | 12 | 5–12 | 0 | NR | Children | 1 | ✔ | j |
Community, school, home (n = 5) | Crespo/2012 [49] (three individual study due to follow up) | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | US/APN | NR | 22 | 392 (165, 227) | 1 | 5–7 | 0, 1, 2 | NR | Children | 3 | i | – |
Gentile/2009 [50] (two individual study due to duration) | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | US/ Switch& what you Do, View, and Chew | NR | NR | 1323 (670, 653) | 6,12 | 6–11 | 0 | NR | Children | 2 | – | j | |
Community, school, home, primary care clinic (n = 12) | Economos CD /2007 [51] (four individual study due to community and sex) | Diet + PA | 3 | 2 | US/SUS | 40 | 16 | 1178 (385, 793) | 0.66 | 6–8 | 0 | W | Children and parents and teachers and policy makers | 2 | i | ✔ |
Wong/2016 [52] (three individual study due to follow up) | Diet + PA | 2 | 1 | US/Healthy Kids Houston | NR | NR | 877 (524, 353) | 0.125, 0.25, 0.375 | 9–12 | 0, 0.125, 0.25 | W | Children | 1 | – | – | |
Johnson/2012 [5]) | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | Australia/BAEW | NR | NR | 2905 (1726, 1183) | 3 | 4–12 | 0 | NR | Children | 3 | NRk | ✔ | |
de Silva-Sanigorski /2010 [54] (two individual study due to age groups) | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | Australia/Romp and Chomp | NR | NR | 35,157 (2778, 32,379) | 3 | 0–5 | 3 | D | Children | 1 | ✔ (only in 2 years old) | ✔ (only in 2 years old) | |
Taylor/2007 [55] (two individual study due to duration) | Diet + PA | 3 | 2 | New Zealand/APPLE | NR | NR | 470 (251, 219) | 1,2 | 5–12 | 0 | NR | Children | 1 | – | ✔ | |
Community, home (n = 3) | de Henauw/2015 [56] (two individual study due to sex) | Diet + PA | 3 | 2 | 8 European countries/IDEFICS | NR | NR | 16,228 (4882, 7746) | 0.58 | 2–9.9 | 1.42 | NR | Children and parents | 1 | i | ✔ (in girls) |
Elder /2014 [57] | Diet + PA | 3 | 1 | US/MOVE | NR | 36.6 | 541 (271, 270) | 2 | 10–14 | 0 | W | Parent | 3 | – | – | |
Primary care clinic (n = 1) | Eno Persson/2018 [58] | Diet + PA | 0 | 2 | Sweden/PRIMROSE | NR | NR | 1030 (431, 599) | 3.25 | 0.75–5 | 1 | NR | Parent | 3 | – | j |
Cyberspace (n = 2) | Hammersley/2019 [59] (two individual study due to follow up) | Diet + PA | 0 | 1 | Australia/Time2bHealthy | NR | NR | 86 (42, 44) | 0.5 | 2–5 | 0.25, 0.5 | M | Parent | 3 | – | j |
Dose–response meta-analysis of the association between education time, PA, duration of intervention and BMI or BMI-Zscore
BMIaMean difference | Coefficient | Standard error | t | P >|t| | 95% Conf. Interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education time | |||||
Dose_1 | 0.3085 | 0.1785 | 1.73 | 0.100 | − 0.0652, 0.6822 |
Dose_2 | 0.0855 | 0.0588 | 1.45 | 0.163 | − 0.0376, 0.2087 |
_cons | 0.6306 | 0.1707 | 3.69 | 0.002 | 0.2733, 0.9879 |
Physical activity hourb | |||||
Dose_1 | 0.2787 | 0.2893 | 0.96 | 0.350 | − 0.3347, 0.8921 |
Dose_2 | − 1.0968 | 0.9264 | − 1.18 | 0.254 | − 3.0608, 0.8671 |
_cons | 0.6516 | 0.1710 | 3.81 | 0.002 | 0.2889, 1.0142 |
Duration of intervention | |||||
Dose_1 | − 1.0312 | 0.2833 | − 3.64 | 0.001 | − 1.6001, − 0.4624 |
Dose_2 | − 0.2733 | 0.0730 | − 3.74 | < 0.001 | − 0.4200, − 0.1267 |
_cons | 0.8181 | 0.1377 | 5.94 | < 0.001 | 0.5415, 1.0946 |
BMI-Zscore Mean difference | |||||
Education time | |||||
Dose_1 | − 0.1331 | 0.1319 | − 1.01 | 0.325 | − 0.4075, 0.1413 |
Dose_2 | 0.0523 | 0.0462 | 1.13 | 0.270 | − 0.0437, 0.1484 |
_cons | − 0.0395 | 0.0416 | − 0.95 | 0.353 | − 0.1261, 0.0470 |
Physical activity hourb | |||||
Dose_1 | − 0.0103 | 0.0128 | − 0.80 | 0.435 | − 0.0377, 0.0171 |
Dose_2 | − 0.0043 | 0.0055 | − 0.77 | 0.452 | − 0.0162, 0.0075 |
_cons | 0.0291 | 0.0287 | 1.01 | 0.327 | − 0.0321, 0.0903 |
Duration of intervention | |||||
Dose_1 | 0.7926 | 0.3537 | 2.24 | 0.030 | 0.0788, 1.5064 |
Dose_2 | − 0.3482 | 0.1474 | − 2.36 | 0.023 | − 0.6458, − 0.0505 |
_cons | 0.0487 | 0.0307 | 1.58 | 0.121 | − 0.0134, 0.1108 |
Two-class meta-analysis of the comparison of effectiveness of childhood obesity prevention policies on BMI and BMI-Zscore
Group | No. of trial | WMD (95% CI) | P | P heterogeneity | I2, % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 47 | − 0.127 | − 0.198 | − 0.056 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 99.7 |
Setting | |||||||
School | 23 | − 0.225 | − 0.398 | − 0.053 | 0.01 | < 0.001 | 60.7 |
Community, school, home | 2 | − 0.006 | − 0.075 | 0.063 | 0.864 | 0.5 | 0 |
Community, school | 8 | − 0.027 | − 0.285 | 0.231 | 0.839 | < 0.001 | 85.1 |
School–home | 2 | − 1.098 | − 1.383 | − 0.814 | 0.155 | 0.878 | 0 |
Community, home | 1 | − 0.46 | − 1.094 | 0.174 | < 0.001 | ||
Community | 8 | 0.007 | − 0.151 | 0.166 | 0.93 | < 0.001 | 100 |
Primary care clinic | 1 | − 0.1 | − 0.165 | − 0.035 | 0.002 | ||
Cyberspace | 2 | − 0.443 | − 0.751 | − 0.135 | 0.005 | 0.589 | 0 |
Target group | |||||||
Children | 38 | − 0.109 | − 0.19 | − 0.029 | 0.008 | < 0.001 | 99.8 |
Parent | 4 | − 0.276 | − 0.522 | − 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.113 | 49.8 |
Children and parents | 5 | − 0.112 | − 0.435 | 0.211 | 0.497 | 0.019 | 66 |
Continent | |||||||
USA | 13 | − 0.016 | − 0.083 | 0.05 | 0.632 | 0.976 | 0 |
Europe | 6 | − 0.208 | − 0.656 | 0.24 | 0.364 | < 0.001 | 90.5 |
Oceania | 27 | − 0.109 | − 0.198 | − 0.02 | 0.017 | < 0.001 | 99.8 |
Asia | 1 | − 0.2 | − 0.353 | − 0.047 | 0.01 | ||
Intervention contenta | |||||||
Education | 5 | − 0.185 | − 0.391 | 0.022 | 0.081 | 0.216 | 30.9 |
Education as curricula | – | – | – | – | – | ||
Education + change in school environment (such as increased PA or changes in school diet) | 26 | − 0.302 | − 0.501 | − 0.102 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | 74.6 |
Other community sections | 16 | − 0.009 | − 0.105 | 0.088 | 0.862 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
Study focus | |||||||
Diet + PA | 38 | − 0.14 | − 0.219 | − 0.061 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 99.8 |
PA | 9 | − 0.065 | − 0.216 | 0.086 | 0.397 | 0.132 | 35.7 |
Age-category | |||||||
< 5 years old | 6 | − 0.022 | − 0.158 | 0.114 | 0.751 | < 0.001 | 100 |
5–10 years old | 22 | − 0.3 | − 0.52 | − 0.08 | 0.008 | < 0.001 | 87.5 |
≥ 10 years old | 19 | − 0.133 | − 0.28 | 0.014 | 0.077 | 0.009 | 48.7 |
By sample size | |||||||
≤ 1000 | 28 | − 0.388 | − 0.632 | − 0.143 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 78 |
1000–2000 | 10 | − 0.044 | − 0.146 | 0.057 | 0.393 | 0.008 | 59.4 |
≥ 2000 | 9 | 0.037 | − 0.08 | 0.154 | 0.531 | < 0.001 | 100 |
Frequency of intervention | |||||||
Daily | 9 | − 0.023 | − 0.154 | 0.108 | 0.73 | < 0.001 | 100 |
Weekly | 22 | − 0.042 | − 0.121 | 0.038 | 0.303 | 0.541 | 0 |
Monthly | 4 | − 0.302 | − 0.61 | 0.005 | 0.054 | 0.326 | 13.4 |
NRb | 12 | − 0.127 | − 0.198 | − 0.056 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 90.7 |
Duration of intervention (years) | |||||||
≤ 1 | 25 | − 0.243 | − 0.388 | − 0.098 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 67.5 |
1–2 | 9 | − 0.38 | − 0.725 | − 0.036 | 0.03 | < 0.001 | 72.1 |
> 2 | 13 | − 0.006 | − 0.109 | 0.098 | 0.917 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
Follow up from baseline (years) | |||||||
≤ 1 | 21 | − 0.114 | − 0.223 | − 0.006 | 0.039 | 0.047 | 36.8 |
1–2 | 10 | − 0.366 | − 0.697 | − 0.035 | 0.03 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
> 2 | 16 | − 0.077 | − 0.176 | 0.021 | 0.122 | 0.001 | 68.7 |
Sex | |||||||
Boys and girls | 31 | − 0.111 | − 0.19 | − 0.033 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | 99.8 |
Girls | 9 | − 0.209 | − 0.684 | 0.265 | 0.387 | < 0.001 | 73.5 |
Boys | 7 | 0.077 | − 0.04 | 0.195 | 0.197 | 0.96 | 0 |
Baseline BMIc | |||||||
≤ 18 | 18 | − 0.142 | − 0.244 | − 0.041 | 0.006 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
18–22 | 20 | − 0.09 | − 0.186 | 0.006 | 0.065 | 0.017 | 44.4 |
22–25 | 7 | − 0.291 | − 0.568 | − 0.015 | 0.039 | 0.508 | 0 |
≥ 25 | 2 | − 0.1 | − 1.193 | 0.993 | 0.858 | 1 | 0 |
Quality rating | |||||||
Strong | 13 | − 0.294 | − 0.531 | − 0.056 | 0.015 | < 0.001 | 84 |
Moderate | 23 | − 0.17 | − 0.284 | − 0.056 | 0.899 | < 0.001 | 71.1 |
Weak | 11 | − 0.009 | − 0.149 | 0.131 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
Group | No. of trial | WMD (95% CI) | P | Pheterogeneity | I2, % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 45 | − 0.02 | − 0.061 | 0.021 | 0.34 | < 0.001 | 99.8 |
Setting | |||||||
School | 14 | − 0.073 | − 0.137 | − 0.01 | 0.024 | < 0.001 | 69.4 |
Community, school, home | 7 | − 0.08 | − 0.202 | 0.043 | 0.203 | 0.773 | 0 |
Community, school | 13 | 0.057 | − 0.012 | 0.125 | 0.105 | < 0.001 | 76.5 |
School–home | – | – | – | – | – | ||
Community, home | 3 | − 0.127 | − 0.263 | 0.01 | 0.068 | 0.511 | 0 |
Community | 8 | − 0.052 | − 0.14 | 0.036 | 0.245 | < 0.001 | 100 |
Target group | |||||||
Children | 34 | − 0.028 | − 0.074 | 0.018 | 0.23 | < 0.001 | 99.8 |
Parent | 1 | − 0.18 | − 0.345 | − 0.015 | 0.032 | ||
Children and parents | 6 | 0.034 | − 0.023 | 0.091 | 0.242 | 0.891 | 0 |
Children and parents and teachers | 4 | 0.03 | − 0.135 | 0.196 | 0.719 | 0.058 | 59.9 |
Continent | |||||||
USA | 17 | − 0.011 | − 0.047 | 0.025 | 0.539 | 0.449 | 0.4 |
Europe | 6 | 0.034 | − 0.056 | 0.123 | 0.46 | 0.102 | 45.6 |
Oceania | 21 | − 0.032 | − 0.09 | 0.025 | 0.27 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
Asia | 1 | − 0.1 | − 0.155 | − 0.045 | < 0.001 | ||
Intervention contenta | |||||||
Education only | 4 | 0.053 | − 0.149 | 0.254 | 0.609 | 0.007 | 75.4 |
Education as curricula | 3 | 0.026 | − 0.138 | 0.19 | 0.753 | 0.015 | 76.4 |
Education + change in school environment (such as increased PA or changes in school diet) | 15 | − 0.071 | − 0.128 | − 0.014 | 0.015 | < 0.001 | 67 |
Other community sections | 23 | − 0.006 | − 0.062 | 0.051 | 0.841 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
Study focus | |||||||
Diet + PA | 44 | − 0.017 | − 0.059 | 0.024 | 0.415 | < 0.001 | 99.8 |
PA | 1 | − 0.1 | − 0.155 | − 0.045 | < 0.001 | ||
Age-category | |||||||
< 5 years old | 3 | 0.072 | − 0.063 | 0.208 | 0.295 | < 0.001 | 100 |
5–10 years old | 24 | − 0.069 | − 0.137 | − 0.001 | 0.046 | < 0.001 | 78.8 |
≥ 10 years old | 18 | 0.018 | − 0.032 | 0.067 | 0.483 | < 0.001 | 67.2 |
By sample size | |||||||
≤ 1000 | 22 | 0.015 | − 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.096 | < 0.001 | 76.8 |
1000–2000 | 12 | 0.015 | − 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.506 | 0.142 | 31.1 |
≥ 2000 | 11 | 0.028 | − 0.047 | 0.103 | 0.46 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
Frequency of intervention | |||||||
Daily | 11 | − 0.029 | − 0.105 | 0.046 | 0.444 | 0 | 99.9 |
Weekly | 18 | − 0.013 | − 0.068 | 0.042 | 0.643 | 0.002 | 55.7 |
Monthly | 2 | 0.067 | − 0.075 | 0.209 | 0.357 | 0.687 | 0 |
NRb | 14 | − 0.035 | − 0.12 | 0.049 | 0.412 | 0 | 82.7 |
Duration of intervention (years) | |||||||
≤ 1 | 24 | − 0.046 | − 0.105 | 0.012 | 0.119 | < 0.001 | 68.7 |
1–2 | 10 | − 0.037 | − 0.147 | 0.072 | 0.506 | < 0.001 | 86.3 |
> 2 | 11 | 0.033 | − 0.042 | 0.109 | 0.386 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
> 2 | 1 | − 0.14 | − 0.277 | − 0.003 | 0.045 | ||
Follow up from baseline (years) | |||||||
≤ 1 | 15 | − 0.03 | − 0.089 | 0.029 | 0.313 | 0.021 | 47.4 |
1–2 | 14 | − 0.016 | − 0.108 | 0.076 | 0.739 | < 0.001 | 81.1 |
> 2 | 16 | − 0.02 | − 0.083 | 0.043 | 0.539 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
Sex | |||||||
Boys and girls | 32 | − 0.034 | − 0.079 | 0.012 | 0.147 | < 0.001 | 99.8 |
Girls | 7 | 0.011 | − 0.084 | 0.105 | 0.826 | 0.272 | 20.7 |
Boys | 6 | 0.079 | − 0.098 | 0.257 | 0.382 | 0.031 | 59.4 |
Quality rating | |||||||
Strong | 12 | 0.032 | − 0.046 | 0.109 | 0.104 | < 0.001 | 75.6 |
Moderate | 16 | − 0.054 | − 0.118 | 0.011 | 0.423 | < 0.001 | 73.9 |
Weak | 17 | − 0.024 | − 0.092 | 0.044 | 0.482 | < 0.001 | 99.9 |
Body mass index (BMI) | Tau2 | P | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Estimate of between-study variance | 0.020 | ||
By setting/community versus others | 0.1461 | 0.186 | − 0.0929, 0.4653 |
By target group/children versus others | 0.1594 | 0.528 | − 0.3282, 0.6312 |
By country/USA versus others | 0.1604 | 0.728 | − 0.3080, 0.4377 |
By intervention content/education versus others | 0.1614 | 0.923 | − 0.4419, 0.4867 |
By study focus/Diet + PAa versus PA only | 0.1402 | 0.524 | − 0.4518, 0.2333 |
By age/≤ 5 years versus others | 0.1586 | 0.476 | − 0.2434, 0.5130 |
By sample size/≤ 1000 versus others | 0.1191 | 0.005 | 0.0703, 0.3816 |
By frequency of intervention/ daily versus others | 0.16 | 0.752 | − 0.2873, 0.3951 |
By duration of intervention/≤ 1 year versus others | 0.1595 | 0.322 | − 0.1622, 0.4836 |
By follow-up/≤ 1 year versus others | 0.1574 | 0.285 | − 0.1661, 0.5518 |
By sex/combination of both genders versus others | 0.1619 | 0.589 | − 0.4114, 0.2364 |
By baseline BMI/≤ 18 versus others | 0.1604 | 0.199 | − 0.4802, 0.1027 |
By study quality/strong versus others | 0.1572 | 0.384 | − 0.4514, 0.1769 |
BMI-Zscore | |||
Estimate of between-study variance | 0.0129 | ||
By setting/community versus others | 0.0158 | 0.173 | − 0.0309, 0.1667 |
By target group/children versus others | 0.0168 | 0.301 | − 0.1515, 0.4787 |
By country/USA versus others | 0.0173 | 0.797 | − 0.0854, 0.1106 |
By intervention content/education versus others | 0.0169 | 0.367 | − 0.0951, 0.2525 |
By study focus/diet + PA versus PA only | 0.0173 | 0.550 | − 0.1931, 0.3578 |
By age/≤ 5 years versus others | 0.0164 | 0.222 | − 0.0629, 0.2642 |
By sample size/≤ 1000 versus others | 0.0148 | 0.045 | 0.0013, 0.1075 |
By frequency of intervention/daily versus others | 0.0174 | 0.771 | − 0.1191, 0.0889 |
By duration of intervention/≤ 1 year versus others | 0.0163 | 0.253 | − 0.1441, 0.0390 |
By follow-up/≤ 1 year versus others | 0.0173 | 0.906 | − 0.1078, 0.0958 |
By sex/combination of both genders versus others | 0.0167 | 0.210 | − 0.1867, 0.0422 |
By study quality/strong versus others | 0.0167 | 0.268 | − 0.1490, 0.0423 |