Background
Methods
Subjects
Groups
|
Y-NS (N = 45)
|
Y-S (N = 39)
|
O-NS (N = 45)
|
O-S (N = 40)
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)
| 30.2 ± 0.7 | 32.1 ± 0.7 | 57.8 ± 0.6 | 56.3 ± 0.6 |
Men
| 17 | 20 | 13 | 22 |
White
| 29 | 16 | 29 | 14 |
Black
| 6 | 21 | 9 | 26 |
Asian
| 10 | 2 | 7 | 0 |
SBP (mmHg)
| 115.4 ± 1.9** | 116.7 ± 2.2 | 122.7 ± 2.7** | 127.3 ± 2.2 |
DBP (mmHg)
| 73.4 ± 1.2 | 75.3 ± 1.9 | 76.7 ± 1.5 | 81.0 ± 1.5 |
MAP (mmHg)
| 87.5 ± 1.2 | 89.1 ± 1.9 | 91.6 ± 1.8 | 96.4 ± 1.6 |
HR (bpm)
| 75.6 ± 1.8 | 75.2 ± 2.3 | 75.9 ± 1.3 | 76.9 ± 1.7 |
BMI (kg/m
2
)
| 23.4 ± 0.5* ** | 26.1 ± 0.7* | 26.2 ± 0.6** | 26.5 ± 0.6 |
Total Chol (mg/dL)
| 170.5 ± 4.8** | 172.7 ± 6.4 | 196.2 ± 5.7** | 196.3 ± 6.2 |
LDL (mg/dL)
| 98.5 ± 3.7** | 103.6 ± 5.6 | 123.0 ± 5.1** | 121.4 ± 5.4 |
HDL (mg/dL)
| 57.5 ± 2.1* | 48.7 ± 2.4* | 55.5 ± 2.5 | 54.6 ± 2.4 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
| 70.9 ± 4.9 | 95.5 ± 11.1 | 95.3 ± 12.2 | 117.2 ± 14.5 |
CRP (mg/L)
| 1.3 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.3^ | 4.6 ± 1.0^ |
Magnetic resonance imaging
CMR assessment of peripheral vascular reactivity
Measurement of Pulse-Wave Velocity (PWV)
CMR data analysis
Quantification of time-resolved blood flow velocity in the femoral artery
Quantification of time-resolved SvO2 in the femoral vein
Pulse-wave velocity quantification
Ultrasound imaging
Carotid ultrasound
Flow mediated dilation (FMD)
Ultrasound image analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Arterial blood flow at baseline and hyperemia
Metrics
|
Y
|
O
|
NS
|
S
|
YNS
|
YS
|
ONS
|
OS
|
Differences (%)
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O-Y
|
S-NS
|
ONS-YNS
|
YS-YNS
|
OS-ONS
| |||||||||
Dynamic oximetry
| |||||||||||||
Overshoot (%HbO
2
)
| 18.5±0.97 | 13.8±0.99 | 17.0±0.97 | 15.2±1.05 | 19.9±1.50 | 17.1±1.28 | 14.0±1.35 | 13.4±1.31 | –25.6*** | –10.7 | –29.4** | –13.7 | –4.4 |
Upslope (%HbO
2
/s)
| 3.34±0.17 | 2.43±0.17 | 3.33±0.16 | 2.39±0.18 | 3.74±0.21 | 2.86±0.25 | 2.89±0.24 | 1.94±0.22 | –27.2*** | –28.4*** | –22.7** | –23.6** | –33.0** |
Washout time (s)
| 9.53±0.38 | 10.6±0.39 | 9.37±0.37 | 10.8±0.40 | 9.00±0.31 | 10.2±0.51 | 9.77±0.44 | 11.4±0.84 | 11.1 | 15.3** | 8.6 | 13.5* | 16.3 |
Dynamic velocimetry
| |||||||||||||
Pulse ratio
| 3.09±0.08 | 3.51±0.08 | 3.32±0.08 | 3.28±0.08 | 3.09±0.13 | 3.08±0.10 | 3.55±0.10 | 3.47±0.11 | 13.5*** | −1.2 | 14.9** | −0.5 | −2.5 |
Hyperemic index
| 1.16±0.01 | 1.12±0.01 | 1.25±0.01 | 1.01±0.01 | 1.24±0.07 | 1.06±0.08 | 1.27±0.10 | 0.97±0.08 | –3.9 | –19.5** | 2.1 | –14.9 | –23.4* |
Forward flow time-T
FF
(s)
| 33.2±1.66 | 30.8±1.62 | 33.1±1.6 | 30.2±1.68 | 34.7±2.06 | 30.3±2.22 | 31.5±2.35 | 30.2±2.57 | –7.2 | –8.7 | –9.3 | –12.8 | –3.9 |
Pulse-wave velocity (m/s)
| |||||||||||||
Aortic arch
| 8.16±0.25 | 9.37±0.24 | 8.46±0.25 | 9.16±0.26 | 7.94±0.27 | 8.46±0.35 | 8.98±0.32 | 9.77±0.44 | 14.8*** | 8.2 | 13.1* | 6.5 | 8.8 |
Thoraco-abdominal
| 4.87±0.25 | 7.43±0.24 | 6.12±0.28 | 6.31±0.29 | 4.69±0.15 | 5.08±0.17 | 7.53±0.53 | 7.33±0.36 | 52.5*** | 3.0 | 60.7*** | 8.5 | –2.6 |
Iliofemoral
| 6.78±0.21 | 8.08±0.21 | 7.31±0.22 | 7.57±0.23 | 6.72±0.24 | 6.79±0.23 | 7.91±0.26 | 8.26±0.43 | 19.2*** | 3.6 | 17.7** | 1.0 | 4.5 |
Total
| 5.93±0.13 | 7.54±0.13 | 6.65±0.15 | 6.88±0.16 | 5.80±0.10 | 6.06±0.13 | 7.48±0.20 | 7.60±0.26 | 27.1*** | 3.5 | 29.0*** | 4.4 | 1.6 |
Venous oxygen saturation at baseline and hyperemia
Pulse wave velocity
Ultrasound measures
Metrics
|
Y
|
O
|
NS
|
S
|
YNS
|
YS
|
ONS
|
OS
|
Differences (%)
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O-Y
|
S-NS
|
ONS-YNS
|
YS-YNS
|
OS-ONS
| |||||||||
Right CCA IMT (mm)
| 0.49 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 0.60 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.52 ± 0.02 | 0.66 ± 0.02 | 0.68 ± 0.03 | 34.8*** | 6.8 | 41.9*** | 12.8 | 3.2 |
Left CCA IMT (mm
| 0.49 ± 0.02 | 0.70 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.02 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.53 ± 0.02 | 0.68 ± 0.02 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 41.3*** | 9.9* | 49.3*** | 16.6* | 5.8 |
1-min FMD (%)
| 7.83 ± 0.69 | 7.04 ± 0.61 | 7.79 ± 0.63 | 6.93 ± 0.67 | 7.96 ± 0.96 | 7.66 ± 0.92 | 7.65 ± 0.96 | 6.38 ± 0.82 | −10.1 | −11.1 | −3.9 | −3.8 | −16.6 |
2-min FMD (%)
| 6.61 ± 0.7 | 6.25 ± 0.64 | 6.85 ± 0.65 | 5.94 ± 0.68 | 6.99 ± 0.86 | 6.11 ± 0.92 | 6.71 ± 0.93 | 5.80 ± 1.03 | −5.5 | −13.3 | −4.0 | −12.6 | −13.6 |
Correlations of CMR parameters with other metrics
Correlation
|
Oximetry
|
PWV
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OS
|
Upslope
|
Washout
|
PR
|
HI
|
T
FF
|
aPWV
|
daPWV
|
ifPWV
| |
Washout
| - | ||||||||
Upslope
|
0.45
| - | |||||||
OS
| −0.14 |
−0.42
| - | ||||||
PR
|
−0.34
| −0.17 | 0.11 | - | |||||
HI
|
0.17
|
0.23
| −0.10 | 0.04 | - | ||||
T
FF
| −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.04 |
0.19
|
0.31
| - | |||
aPWV
|
−0.22
| −0.12 | 0.05 |
0.22
| 0.04 | 0.01 | - | ||
daPWV
|
−0.19
|
−0.31
|
0.24
|
0.22
| 0.00 | −0.07 |
0.23
| - | |
ifPWV
| −0.12 | −0.14 | 0.09 |
0.18
| 0.10 | 0.09 |
0.35
|
0.29
| - |