Background
Methods
Study population
4D flow CMR
Data analysis
Parameters of pulmonary blood flow
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Characteristics of patients | Group 1 (20–39y.)
n = 43 | Group 2 (40–59y.)
n = 44 | Group 3 (60–80y.)
n = 39 |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years(±SD) | 30.07 (±5.4) | 50.43 (±5.5) | 68.95 (±5.2) | <0.001* |
Female, n(%) | 19 (44.2) | 24 (54.6) | 21 (53.9) | 0.564 |
Hypertension, n(%) | 1 (2.3) | 7 (16.3) | 13 (33.3) | <0.001* |
Hypercholesterolemia, n(%) | 1 (2.3) | 9 (20.5) | 11 (28.2) | 0.005* |
Diabetes, n(%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (2.6) | 0.587 |
Smoker, n(%) | 11 (25.6) | 6 (13.6) | 5 (12.8) | 0.223 |
BMI, 1(±SD) | 24.02 (±4.0) | 26.03 (±4.4) | 24.31 (±3.8) | 0.051 |
Prior stroke, n(%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.151 |
Coronary heart disease, n(%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.1) | 0.104 |
Peripheral arterial disease, n(%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
Mean systolic BP, mmHg(±SD) | 120.63 (±11.1) | 126 (±15.7) | 133.78 (±19.2) | <0.001* |
Mean diastolic BP, mmHg(±SD) | 76.53 (±7.0) | 81.88 (±8.3) | 81.09 (±11.4) | 0.014* |
Heart rate, bpm(±SD) | 67.16 (±7.9) | 65.55 (±7.7) | 66.1 (±9.1) | 0.655 |
Ejection fraction, %(±SD) | 56.6 (±20.7) | 57.6 (±19.2) | 53.6 (±22.5) | 0.669 |
PI grade I, n(%) | 3 (7.0) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (2.6) | 0.246 |
PI grade II- IV, n(%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
RVSP, mmHg(±SD) | 15.82 (±2.4) | 18.22 (±4.8) | 22.05 (±5.7) | <0.001* |
TAPSE, mm(±SD) | 22.93 (±4.1) | 22.56 (±3.3) | 23.06 (±3.7) | 0.906 |
TDI, cm/s(%) | 15.46 (±2.9) | 15.53 (±1.8) | 15.82 (±1.8) | 0.592 |
Conservation of mass during 4D flow quantification
Age related change of flow
Group 1 (20–39y.)
n = 43 | Group 2 (40–59y.)
n = 44 | Group 3 (60–80y.)
n = 39 | F(2,375) |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSAmax, cm2(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 6.53 ± 1.34 | 6.11 ± 1.21 | 5.78 ± 1.17 | 7.39 | 0.008* |
LPA | 3.31 ± 0.65 | 3.55 ± 1.23 | 3.69 ± 0.96 | 3.16 | 0.078 |
RPA | 3.22 ± 0.62 | 3.59 ± 1.24 | 3.79 ± 1.07 | 6.35 | 0.013* |
AAo | 5.97 ± 1.35 | 7.05 ± 1.51 | 7.45 ± 1.48 | 21.41 | <0.001* |
CSAmin, cm2(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 5.19 ± 1.22 | 5.09 ± 0.96 | 4.82 ± 0.90 | 2.99 | 0.109 |
LPA | 2.71 ± 0.62 | 2.93 ± 0.98 | 3.03 ± 0.85 | 3.08 | 0.082 |
RPA | 2.46 ± 0.51 | 2.79 ± 0.99 | 2.95 ± 0.80 | 7.86 | 0.006* |
AAo | 5.08 ± 1.27 | 6.28 ± 1.39 | 6.77 ± 1.45 | 31.02 | <0.001* |
CSAavg, cm2(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 5.87 ± 1.27 | 5.61 ± 1.09 | 5.29 ± 1.03 | 5.23 | 0.024* |
LPA | 3.03 ± 0.62 | 3.24 ± 1.12 | 3.37 ± 0.91 | 2.59 | 0.088 |
RPA | 2.88 ± 0.57 | 3.22 ± 1.13 | 3.39 ± 0.98 | 6.19 | 0.014* |
AAo | 5.59 ± 1.30 | 6.78 ± 1.46 | 7.19 ± 1.47 | 26.00 | <0.001* |
CSAratio, 1(±SD) | |||||
MPA/AAo | 1.05 ± 0.23 | 0.83 ± 0.17 | 0.74 ± 0.19 | 51.56 | <0.001* |
CSAchange, %(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 20.78 ± 5.30 | 16.35 ± 5.04 | 16.17 ± 5.03 | 17.06 | <0.001* |
LPA | 18.56 ± 5.59 | 17.13 ± 3.55 | 18.29 ± 5.29 | 0.08 | 0.773 |
RPA | 23.69 ± 5.52 | 22.23 ± 5.09 | 21.64 ± 6.01 | 2.85 | 0.094 |
AAo | 15.06 ± 5.85 | 10.99 ± 4.09 | 9.26 ± 3.32 | 32.97 | <0.001* |
Group 1 (20–39y.)
n = 43 | Group 2 (40–59y.)
n = 44 | Group 3 (60–80y.)
n = 39 | F(2,375) |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TTPsys, %(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 17.25 ± 3.58 | 15.31 ± 3.02 | 15.38 ± 3.20 | 6.70 | 0.011* |
LPA | 17.32 ± 6.29 | 14.65 ± 2.46 | 15.47 ± 2.50 | 3.97 | 0.049* |
RPA | 18.23 ± 3.52 | 16.24 ± 2.62 | 16.56 ± 7.92 | 2.20 | 0.140 |
AAo | 15.06 ± 4.59 | 14.89 ± 5.48 | 13.46 ± 2.70 | 2.62 | 0.108 |
TTPret, %(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 43.52 ± 7.45 | 43.16 ± 5.91 | 43.53 ± 4.63 | 0.00 | 0.994 |
LPA | 45.26 ± 8.30 | 44.52 ± 8.29 | 50.97 ± 13.58 | 6.37 | 0.013* |
RPA | 46.69 ± 10.01 | 49.02 ± 13.89 | 49.97 ± 13.65 | 1.38 | 0.242 |
AAo | 41.18 ± 9.614 | 39.51 ± 6.17 | 40.6 ± 4.33 | 1.40 | 0.709 |
TTPdia, %(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 59.85 ± 9.296 | 59.37 ± 6.307 | 60.53 ± 8.112 | 0.15 | 0.701 |
LPA | 61.06 ± 8.991 | 60.99 ± 7.276 | 66.76 ± 10.14 | 8.54 | 0.004* |
RPA | 61.72 ± 10.15 | 62.63 ± 9.908 | 63.11 ± 10.83 | 0.38 | 0.54 |
AAo | 55.71 ± 10.03 | 57.76 ± 7.792 | 61.96 ± 9.991 | 9.26 | 0.003* |
Group 1 (20–39y.)
n = 43 | Group 2 (40–59y.)
n = 44 | Group 3 (60–80y.)
n = 39 | F(2,375) |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vmax, m/s(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 0.88 ± 0.17 | 0.88 ± 0.16 | 0.95 ± 0.29 | 1.86 | 0.175 |
LPA | 0.85 ± 0.26 | 0.70 ± 0.16 | 0.65 ± 0.23 | 17.74 | <0.001* |
RPA | 0.91 ± 0.18 | 0.79 ± 0.15 | 0.78 ± 0.23 | 9.22 | 0.003* |
AAo | 0.71 ± 0.16 | 0.58 ± 0.15 | 0.46 ± 0.14 | 55.34 | <0.001* |
Vavg, m/s(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.07 | 0.68 | 0.795 |
LPA | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 27.40 | <0.001* |
RPA | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 21.97 | <0.001* |
AAo | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 22.25 | <0.001* |
Qmax-sys, mL(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 354.2 ± 98.7 | 344.3 ± 92.6 | 328.8 ± 93.2 | 1.46 | 0.229 |
LPA | 170.4 ± 50.3 | 150.4 ± 45.6 | 133.5 ± 56.9 | 10.73 | <0.001* |
RPA | 186.4 ± 48.5 | 173.4 ± 44.6 | 157.3 ± 41.2 | 8.60 | 0.004* |
AAo | 398.5 ± 128.6 | 343.1 ± 113.6 | 327.1 ± 85.2 | 8.39 | 0.004* |
Qmax-dia, mL(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 52.1 ± 18.53 | 38.6 ± 15.62 | 29.4 ± 11.17 | 43.97 | <0.001* |
LPA | 35.0 ± 11.83 | 22.2 ± 9.04 | 13.4 ± 8.5 | 96.55 | <0.001* |
RPA | 28.1 ± 10.78 | 20.5 ± 9.71 | 17.1 ± 8.83 | 25.48 | <0.001* |
AAo | 33.9 ± 14.46 | 29.5 ± 10.74 | 18.6 ± 8.07 | 36.26 | <0.001* |
Qmean, mL/cycle(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 79.72 ± 19.41 | 74.89 ± 17.12 | 71.65 ± 13.87 | 4.59 | 0.034* |
LPA | 39.01 ± 8.11 | 33.35 ± 7.76 | 29.58 ± 8.04 | 28.04 | <0.001* |
RPA | 43.07 ± 11.05 | 39.86 ± 8.68 | 37.04 ± 8.06 | 8.44 | 0.004* |
AAo | 82.21 ± 20.96 | 73.39 ± 15.64 | 66.48 ± 13.93 | 17.13 | <0.001* |
RF, %(±SD) | |||||
MPA | 3.41 ± 2.74 | 2.09 ± 1.29 | 2.43 ± 1.76 | 4.75 | 0.031* |
LPA | 2.58 ± 1.65 | 1.48 ± 1.28 | 2.03 ± 2.13 | 2.16 | 0.144 |
RPA | 1.49 ± 1.20 | 0.95 ± 0.79 | 1.66 ± 1.42 | 0.45 | 0.504 |
AAo | 1.20 ± 1.12 | 1.34 ± 1.05 | 2.25 ± 2.77 | 7.08 | 0.009* |
CO, L/min(±SD) | 5.33 ± 1.56 | 4.77 ± 0.99 | 4.39 ± 1.08 | 11.90 | <0.001* |