Background
Methods
Stage 1: identification of the research question
Consequently, we were seeking to present an overview of all thematically relevant material in a clear and comprehensible manner. Therefore, the study results were summarized and analyzed by applying a thematic approach based on the three subsections of the study question:“What is known from the existing literature about the frequency of MSD, work-related risk factors and measures to prevent or reduce MSD in hairdressers?”
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health reasons for leaving the hairdressing trade;
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self-reported strategies and barriers to reducing or preventing MSD.
Stage 2: identifying relevant studies
Stage 3: study selection
Stage 4: charting the data
Stage 5: collating, summarizing and reporting the results
Results
Research question 1: prevalence and/or incidence of MSD in the different body regions
# | First author, year | Country | Sample size | Lower back | Neck | Upper back | Overall MSDc | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence % (95% CI)b | point | 12-month | point | 12-month | point | 12-month | 12-month (†point) | |||
1 | Adewumi-Gunn, 2016 [39] | US | 22 | 36% (19.6–57.1) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2 | Amodeo, 2004 [40] | FRd | 389 | – | 47% (41.6–51.5) | – | 37% (31.9–41.4) | – | 36% (31.4–40.9) | – |
3 | Aweto, 2015 [41] | NI | 299 | – | 76% (71.1–80.7) | – | 46% (40.6–51.8) | – | 5% (2.7–7.8) | 76% (70.4–80.1) |
4 | Bradshaw, 2011 [13] | UKd | 147 | 42% (34.5–50.3) | – | 31% (24.3–39.2) | – | 27% (20.6–34.9) | – | – |
5 | Cruz, 2015 [42] | POd | 30 | 100% (88.4–100) | – | 77% (58.8–88.5) | – | 17% (6.9–34) | – | – |
6 | De Smet, 2009 [43] | BEd | 145 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 41% (33.0–48.8)† |
7 | Deschamps, 2014 [44] | FRd | 199 | 27% (20.9–33.2) | – | 20% (14.7–25.7) | – | – | – | 67% (60–73)† |
8 | Douwes, 2001 [45] | NLd | 280 | 23% (18.3–28.1) | 34% (28.3–39.3) | – | 52% (46.3–57.9) | – | – | 49% (42.8–54.4) |
9 | Hassan, 2015 [14] | EG | 80 | – | 13% (6.7–21.7) | – | 9% (4.0–17.2) | – | – | – |
10 | Mahdavi, 2013 [46] | IR | 172 | – | 59% (51.3–65.8) | – | 52% (44.9–59.7) | – | 40% (32.5–47) | – |
11 | Mandiracioglu, 2009 [47] | TU | 1284 | – | 27% (24.7–29.5) | – | – | – | – | 32% (29.4–34.5) |
12 | Mussi, 2008 [48] | BR | 220 | – | 39% (32.9–45.7) | – | 47% (40.3–53.4) | – | – | 71% (64.6–76.5) |
13 | O’Loughlin, 2010 [50] | AS | 238 | – | 71% (65.4–76.8) | – | – | – | – | – |
14 | Omokhodion, 2009 [51] | NI | 355 | 19% (15.1–23.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
15 | Puckree, 2009 [52] | SF | 75 | 39% (28.4–50) | – | – | – | 11% (5.3–19.9) | – | 60% (48.7–70.4)† |
16 | Schneider, 2006 [25] | GEd | 26 | 46% (28.8–64.6) | 70% (49.9–83.7) | – | – | – | – | – |
17 | Tsigonia, 2009 [38] | GRd | 102 | – | 53% (43.3–62.3) | – | 58% (48.1–67) | – | – | – |
18 | Veiersted, 2008 [7] | NOd | 188 | – | – | 28% (22.2–35) | 47% (40.3–54.5) | – | – | – |
Range (min-max in %) | 19–100% | 13–76% | 20–77% | 9–58% | 11–27% | 5–40% | 32–76% | |||
No of studies with data on prevalence | n = 16 | n = 11 | n = 6 | n = 7 |
# | First author, year | Country | Sample Sizea | Shoulder | Hand/wrist | Finger | Elbow | Knee | Feet | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence % (95% CI)b | point | 12-month | point | 12-month | point (†12-months) | 12-month (†point) | 12-month | 12-month (†point) | |||
1 | Adewumi-Gunn, 2016 [39] | US | 22 | – | – | 54% (34.7–73.1) | – | 54% (34.7–73.1) | – | – | – |
2 | Amodeo, 2004 [40] | FRc | 389 | – | 28% (23.3–32.2) | – | 19% (15.2–23) | – | 4% (2.7–6.9) | – | – |
3 | Aweto, 2015 [41] | NI | 299 | – | 60% (54.6–65.6) | – | 25% (20.8–60.7) | 27% (22.4–32.4)† | 15% (11.4–19.6) | 33% (27.7–38.3) | 24% (19.3–28.9) |
4 | Bradshaw, 2011 [13] | UKc | 147 | 37% (30–45.5) | – | 29% (22.5–37.1) | – | – | 7% (4.1–13)† | – | 35% (27.5–42.7)† |
5 | Cruz, 2015 [42] | POc | 30 | 83% (66–93.1 | – | 43% (27.4–60.8) | – | – | – | – | – |
6 | Deschamps, 2014 [44] | FRc | 199 | 28% (22.4–34.8) | – | 10% (6.5–15.1) | – | 9% (5.7–13.9) | 8% (4.9–12.7)† | – | – |
7 | Douwes, 2001 [45] | NLc | 280 | – | 48% (42.1–53.7) | – | 26% (21.3–31.5) | – | 7% (4.6–10.8) | – | – |
8 | Hassan, 2015 [14] | EG | 80 | – | 13% (6.7–21.7) | – | 11% (5.8–20.2) | – | 14% (7.7–23.1) | 4% (0.8–10.9) | 10% (4.9–18.8) |
9 | Mahdavi, 2013 [46] | IR | 172 | – | 49% (42–56.8) | – | 49% (41.5–56.3) | – | 14% (9.5–20) | 41% (34.2–48.8) | 20% (15–27) |
10 | Mussi, 2008 [48] | BR | 220 | – | 49% (42.6–55.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
11 | O’Loughlin, 2010 [50] | AS | 238 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 44% (38–50.5) |
12 | Nordander, 2013 [49] | SEc | 78 | – | – | 33% (23.8–44.4) | 49% (38–59.6) | – | – | – | – |
13 | Tsigonia, 2009 [38] | GRc | 102 | – | 35% (26.7–45) | – | 53% (43.3–62.3) | – | – | 28% (20.6–37.9) | – |
14 | Veiersted, 2008 [7] | NOc | 188 | 32% (26.2–39.4) | 53% (45.5–59.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Range (min-max in %) | 32–83% | 28–60% | 10–54% | 11–53% | 9–54% | 4–15% | 4–41% | 10–44% | |||
No of studies providing data on prevalence | n = 11 | n = 11 | n = 3 | n = 7 | n = 4 | n = 5 |
Comparisons to other professional groups regarding MSD frequency
Research question 2: work-related risk factors and potentially hazardous work activities
Identified risk factors | Outcome | Comparison category | Statistical measure (%a; OR; RR; r; p-value) | Author (year) |
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(1) Awkward postures and movements of the spine | ||||
- working in static postures | WRMSD | – | 91% | Aweto et al. (2015) [41] |
- bending or twisting back | WRMSD | – | 28% | |
- constantly twisting the spine | WRMSD | – | 53% | Cruz et al. (2015) [42] |
- bending the spine forward > 50% of the time | back pain | – | sig. Correlation (p < 0.001) | Puckree (2009) [52] |
- awkward back postures (back is bent or twisted) | WRMSD | – | 64% | Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38] |
- working postures | WRMSD and diagnosis | – | 81 and 5% | Leino et al. (1999) [12] |
- uncomfortable postures (body, neck, shoulders) | WRMSD | yes vs. no | OR 2.8 (95%CI 1.4–5.5)b | Mussi et al. (2008) [48] |
- working with spinal rotation | WRULD | yes vs. no | OR 2.1, p < 0.05 b | DeSmet et al. (2009) [43] |
- awkward back postures | back pain | yes vs. no | RR >10c | Hassan et al. (2015) [14] |
- working in static postures 6–8 h/day | WRMSD | VDU vs. HD work | OR 1.6 (95%CI 1.1–2.2)c | Douwes et al. (2001) [45] |
(2) Strenuous hand or arm postures and movements | ||||
- repetition of a task | WRMSD | – | 71% | Aweto et al. (2015) [41] |
- repetitive movements | WRMSD and diagnosis | – | 66 and 5% | Leino et al. (1999) [12] |
- position of arms at or above shoulder level | back pain | – | sig. Correlation (p < 0.001) | Puckree (2009) [52] |
- working with equipment above shoulder level | WRMSD | – | 63% | Cruz et al. (2015) [42] |
- strenuous shoulder movements | shoulder pain / hand/wrist pain | yes vs. no | OR 6.0 (95%CI 1.7–21.5)b / OR 25.3 (95%CI 2.8–229.1)b | Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38] |
- strenuous shoulder movements | neck pain / shoulder pain | yes vs. no | RR 2.4 (95%CI 1.4–4.1)c / RR 3.5 (95% CI 2.0–6.0)c | Hassan et al. (2015) [14] |
- working with elevated arms | shoulder pain (score) | % working time > 60° % working time > 60° > 5 s | RR 1.3 (95%CI 1.1–1.5)b / RR 2.0 (95%CI 1.5–2.6)b | Hanvold et al. (2015) [36] |
- working with hands above shoulder level 6–8 h/day | WRMSD | VDU vs. HD work | OR 8.4 (95%CI 4.1–15.8)c | Douwes et al. (2001) [45] |
- frequent elbow movements 6–8 h/day | WRMSD | OR 2.4 (95%CI 1.7–3.3)c | ||
- extreme wrist extension/flexion 6–8 h/day | WRMSD | OR 2.6 (95%CI 1.4–4.8)c | ||
- frequent manual material handling | neck pain / hand/wrist pain | yes vs. no | RR 3.1 (95%CI 1.4–6.8)c / RR 2.6 (95%CI 1.3–4.9)c | Hassan et al. (2015) [14] |
- frequent manual material handling | neck pain / knee pain | yes vs. no | OR 12.6 (95%CI 2.1–75.5)b / OR 6.4 (95%CI 1.9–21.4)b | Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38] |
(3) Workload and biomechanical strain | ||||
- stress and working overtime | WRMSD | – | 83 and 97% | Cruz et al.(2015) [42] |
- no adequate uninterrupted breaks between clients | WRMSD | – | 30% | Douwes et al. (2001) [45] |
- no adequate rest breaks | WRMSD | – | 72.4% | Aweto et al. (2015) [41] |
- large number of clients per day and working overtime | WRMSD | – | 92 and 94% | |
- working at physical limit | WRMSD | – | 34% | |
- large number of clients per day | WRULD | < 8 vs. 10–15 clients | OR 6.7, p < 0.01b | DeSmet et al. (2009) [43] |
- excessive work | WRULD | low vs. very high | OR 6.1, p < 0.01b | |
- high perceived exertion | knee pain | yes vs. no | OR 5.3 (95%CI 1.4–21)b | Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38] |
- high job demands | hand/wrist pain | yes vs. no | OR 7.6 (95%CI 1.8–32.1)b | |
- putting intense effort on hands | WRMSD | – | 63% | Cruz et al.(2015) [42] |
- high mechanical workload | neck and shoulder pain / workload levels | workload score (0–24) / HD & EL vs. media & design trainees | RR 1.01 (95%CI 1.00–1.02)d, b RR 1.36 (95%CI 1.3–1.5)d, b | Hanvold et al. (2014) [35] |
- high sustained muscle activity | shoulder pain (score) | muscle activity (0–100%)e | median 52% (range 24–91%) r 0.2, p < 0.001 | Hanvold et al. (2015) [36] |
(4) Prolonged standing or sitting | ||||
- standing during work > 75% of the time | back pain | – | sig. Correlation (p < 0.01) | Puckree (2009) [52] |
- prolonged standing | WRMSD and diagnosis | – | 65 and 1% | Leino et al. (1999) [12] |
- prolonged standing | feet/leg pain / knee pain | yes vs. no | RR 5.3 (95%CI 1.8–15.4)c / RR 21.0 (95%CI 2.8–156.7)c | Hassan et al. (2015) [14] |
- prolonged standing and sitting | hand/wrist pain | yes vs. no | OR 55.7 (95%CI 8.8–354.9)b | Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38] |
(5) Other factors | ||||
- > 15 years in the profession | WRMSD | < 5 vs. 15–45 years | OR 3.0 (95%CI 1.2–7.9)b | Mussi et al. (2008) [48] |
- years of work experience | DASH score / NPDI score | – | r 0.7, /r 0.7, p < 0.001 | Kaushik & Patra (2014) [37] |
- lack of acknowledgment and uncomfortable postures | WRMSD | 1–23 vs. 29–35 score | OR 3.5 (95%CI 1.5–8.3)b | Mussi et al. (2008) [48] |
- mental stress | WRMSD and diagnosis | – | 51 and 2% | Leino et al. (1999) [12] |
- burnout | WRULD | low vs. very high | OR 8.6, p < 0.001b | DeSmet et al. (2009) [43] |
- bordering ambient temperature (high) | WRULD | yes vs. no | OR 2.5, p < 0.05b | |
- female gender | WRULD | female vs. male | OR 3.1, p < 0.05b | |
- sudden movements | WRMSD | – | 12% | Aweto et al. (2015) [41] |
- low co-worker support | back pain/ hand/wrist pain | yes vs. no | OR 7.6 (95%CI 1.8–32.1)b / OR 5.1 (95%CI 1.2–21.4)b | Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38] |
(6) Hairdressing task as risk factor for MSD | ||||
- hair styling | WRULD | REBA index f (% high & very high risk for MSD) | 69% | Mahdavi et al. (2013) [46] |
- hair dying | WRULD | 66% | ||
- hair cutting | WRULD | 64% | ||
- trimming face | WRULD | 62% | ||
- doing make up | WRULD | 53% | ||
- trimming eye brows | WRULD | 49% | ||
- shampooing hair at least 50%/day | WRMSD | OCRA indexg | index 5.0 | Mastrominico et al. (2007) [54] |
- cutting hair at least 50%/day | WRMSD | index 8.1 | ||
- styling hair at least 50%/day | WRMSD | index 9.4 | ||
- dying hair at least 50%/day | WRMSD | index 9.0 |