Background
The growing trend of overweight and obesity in many developed and developing countries in recent years has made obesity one of the most significant health problems in the world [1, 2]. In Iran, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is rising due to urbanization and industrialization [3]. Evidence has revealed that obesity is linked to higher mortality rates from comorbidities such as Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, obstructive sleep apnea, polycystic ovarian syndrome, etc. infertility [4]. Approximately 2.5 million deaths occur each year as a result of obesity-related diseases. Moreover, studies have shown that the mortality risk associated with obesity has increased by 50–100% compared to the population with normal body mass indices [5].
The most common treatments for obesity include diet, exercise, and behavior therapy often referred to as lifestyle modifications [6, 7]. A significant number of weight-loss efforts have been repeatedly demonstrated to be a negative prognostic indicator of weight-loss success [8]. A Cochrane systematic review of 55 published interventions to manage obesity found the effectiveness of short-term interventions on reducing weight. However, these interventions showed small effects in the long run [9, 10]. To better understand why common therapies have had non-significant effects on weight loss, it is necessary to have detailed information, especially regarding behavioral, environmental, and psychosocial aspects. However, few questionnaires assess these aspects and the reasons for the dropout of weight-loss diets.
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Dropout of weight-loss diet is one of the main reasons for therapy failure in obese patients, with the prevalence ranging from 10 to 80% in different studies [11, 12]. Dropout of weight-loss diet has been defined as attrition or failure to continue weight-loss treatment at any stage until the end of treatment [13]. Previous studies indicated that the influential factors in the dropout of a weight-loss diet included poor adherence, weight regains, inadequate and unsatisfactory weight loss, and high attrition levels [11, 12]. Scientific studies have also indicated that gender, age at the onset of obesity, unemployment, full-time employment, previous treatment experience, sedentary lifestyle, and body image could contribute to dropout of a weight-loss diet. However, limited studies have been conducted on this issue. No qualitative studies have assessed behavioral, environmental, and psychosocial aspects of dropout of weight-loss diets using reliable questionnaires.
Moreover, limited qualitative studies have been conducted on the reasons for the dropout of weight-loss diets worldwide. Qualitative studies have been performed on patients with metabolic diseases to determine the reasons for the dropout of weight-loss diets and the experiences of personals in diet programs. Thus, the present qualitative study aims to identify the reasons for the dropout of weight-loss diets.
Method
Design
This qualitative study was conducted following a content analysis approach using semi-structured interviews [14].
Setting
The present study was conducted in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), one of the public universities in Iran located in Shiraz. The university currently has 782 faculty members, more than 10,000 students, 200 majors, 54 research centers, 13 educational hospitals, and 17 faculties, including nutrition faculty. Several nutrition clinics affiliated to SUMS also provide services to patients and people who need nutritional services.
Participants and Sampling: This study was conducted in Shiraz, southern Iran, a comprehensive health center, between April and October 2020. The study’s inclusion criteria were aging above 18 years, being overweight or obese, having a history of receiving standard diets first, and diet dropout. Exclusion criteria were the history of severe gastrointestinal diseases, presence of systemic disorders, or mental diseases based on participants’ self-report, and in case of lack of cooperation at any stage of the study The participants were selected using purposeful sampling with maximum variation. Sampling was continued until data saturation [15].
The study data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The interview questions were focused on the participants’ experiences of going on diets for weight loss. The interviews were begun with such questions as “please describe your diet schedule,” “please talk about a successful diet schedule,” and “tell me about why you dropped out of your weight loss diet.” The interviews were digitally recorded and typed precisely in Microsoft Word software. The contents of the interviews were then reviewed and re-read several times to obtain a general understanding of the concepts. In this way, the main sentences and concepts of each line and each paragraph were defined and coded. The codes were identified based on the participants’ words or arguments. Following the extraction of the initial codes, they were merged and summarized. Afterward, the codes with the same concept and common characteristics and dimensions were included in one group.
Data analysis
Data analysis was done via thematic content analysis. In doing so, each interview was typed precisely in Microsoft Word software. The interview content was then reviewed and re-read several times to understand its concepts and was analyzed before the following interview. Hence, each interview determined the next person to be interviewed. The meaning units that consisted of words and sentences were abstracted and labeled with codes. Totally, 14 interviews were conducted in a single session, and four interviews were performed through two or three sessions. The coding procedure was iterative and was carried out line by line through comparative analysis under the following six stages of thematic analysis: [1] familiarizing with data, [2] generating initial codes, [3] searching for themes, [4] reviewing themes; various codes were compared based on the similarities and differences in meaning, [5] defining and naming themes, and [6] producing the report. Similar codes were grouped into subcategories, and then similar subcategories and domains were classified into major categories [16].
Trustworthiness
To verify scientific accuracy and trustworthiness, use was made of the four criteria proposed by Lincoln and Guba, i.e., credibility, transferability, consistency or dependability, and confirmability [14]. Credibility was determined via drowning in data, the dedication of time to collecting and interpreting the data, constant presence of the researcher in the clinic, preservation of raw data and records, keeping raw data documents, and keeping the documents of the researcher and the interviews. Transferability in qualitative studies implies that the findings can apply to other contexts or groups. This study attempted to provide a clear, precise, and purposeful description of the process and activities performed, including the procedures and findings (classes) to allow others to follow the study process and the characteristics of the study population. Sampling with maximum variation was yet another transferability technique utilized in this study. Consistency or dependability is similar to reliability in quantitative studies, which means that the data are consistent over time and under similar conditions. In this research, dependability was approved through the audit. In this way, the researcher extensively described all stages of the research from the beginning to the end so that external auditors could audit the documents. Confirmability indicates that the data are neutral and is approved when other researchers agree on the relationships or meanings of the data. To meet this criterion, qualitative researchers record their activities over time so that other researchers can follow them up. In this study, confirmability was achieved via other researchers’ evaluation of several interviews, texts, codes, and articles [17].
Ethical considerations
The Ethics Committee approved this study of SUMS (IR.SUMS.REC.1398.1299). In addition, the participants were ascertained about the confidentiality of their information, and their informed consent forms were obtained.
Results
This study was conducted on 27 obese participants, including 25 females (92.6%) and two males (7.4%). The participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 56 years, with a mean age of 33.4 ± 8.4 years. Based on the results, 18 participants (66.7%) had a history of dropout of one weight-loss diet, and nine participants (33.3%) had a history of dropout of more weight-loss diets. Accordingly, four participants (14.8%) had a history of dropout of two diets, and five participants (18.5%) had a history of dropout of weight-loss diets three times. Furthermore, nine participants (33%) were single, and 18 (66.7%) were married. The reasons for going on weight-loss diets included dissatisfaction with body shape (66.6%), suffering from diseases (14.8%), and improvement of health status (18.5%) (Table 1).
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of participants
Characteristics | N (%) |
|---|---|
Mean Age (y ± SD) | 33/4 ± 8.4 |
Female | 25 (92.6%) |
Male | 2 (7.4%) |
Educational level | |
• Below diploma | 14 (51.8) |
• Diploma level | 9 (33.3) |
• Academic level | 4 (14.8) |
Body Mass Index | |
• Overweight | 12 (44.4) |
• Obesity | 15 (55.5) |
Reason for diet for weight loss | |
• Body shape dissatisfaction | 18 (66.6%) |
• Improve health status | 4 (14.8%) |
• Diseases (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, etc.) | 5 (18.5%) |
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Tables 2 and 3 describe quantitative interview information, such as who prescribed or recommended the diet for them. And what their diet included and the number of themes, and their repetition. (Tables 2,3).
Table 2
Sources of received diet among the participants and type of diet
Sources of received diet | N | Frequency | Diet type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutritionist | 17 | 63 | Scientific diet | • Low -calorie diet • Low fat diet |
Self- diet | 5 | 18/5 | Non- scientific diet | • Diet with 400–500 daily calories, • Only fruit-eating, • Only water drinking, • Complete removal of starch in daily diet |
Friend recommendation | 2 | 7.4 | ||
Internet web page information | 3 | 11.1 | ||
Table 3
Frequency distribution of each theme for dropout of diet
Themes | N | Percent |
|---|---|---|
Theme 1: Individual reasons for dropout of diet | 17 | 63 |
Theme 2: Family and social reasons for dropout of diet | 14 | 51.9 |
Theme 3: Diet characteristics reasons for dropout of diet | 9 | 33.3 |
After completing 27 interviews, 391 initial codes on dietary problems and reasons for dropout were extracted. Eventually, 181 codes were obtained, which were in the first ten categories. Subsequently, by merging the codes with similar concepts, approximately 28 final codes were extracted that were classified into 15 categories and three general themes (Tables 4,5,6).
Table 4
Individual reasons for dropout of diet
Them | Categories | Codes |
|---|---|---|
Individual reasons for dropout of diet | Misunderstanding of diet | The idea that we can maintain weight without a diet |
Imagine losing weight too fast | ||
Not having enough motivation | lack of motivation | |
Conditions of stress and hormonal disorder | Stress and hormonal disorder | |
Taking hormonal drugs | ||
Feel harm to health | Having a weak state | |
Having headaches | ||
Skin deterioration | ||
Having a burning stomach | ||
Nails become brittle | ||
Lack of mental and psychological preparation | Non- Helping your spouse get a diet | |
Comment by friends about facial aging | ||
Lack of companionship to maintain a diet. | ||
Personal taste | Dislike diet foods |
Table 5
Family and social reasons for dropout of diet
Them | Categories | Codes |
|---|---|---|
Family and social reasons for dropout diet | Social problem | Busy and problems at work and school |
Family problem | Not accompanying family and friends |
Table 6
Diet characteristics reasons for dropout of diet
Them | Categories | Code |
|---|---|---|
Diet characteristics reasons for dropout of diet | Ineffective of diet | No weight loss |
Expensive of diet food and dietary supplement | Expensive food for diet | |
Expensive weight loss supplements | ||
Unavailability of food | The unavailability of a particular food | |
The unavailability of food in a different situation | ||
Unscientific and unconventional diets | Special diet | |
Very limitation of food in the diet | ||
Feeling wrong about the diet | Not paying attention to the strong tendency of a particular food | |
Non- palatable diet food | Not paying attention to individual un- like food |
*Since some participants mentioned several reasons for diet dropout, some of them were put in separate categories that were concurrently relevant to two different themes
The first theme for diet dropout included personal reasons, categorized into six parts: diet misunderstanding, lack of motivation, stress and hormonal impairment, having the feel of “being harmful to health”, lack of mental and psychological preparation, and personal taste. Then, 17 codes were generated from the categorized subsets. Further details on the codes and examples have been presented in Table 4.
The second theme included familial and social reasons divided into two categories and two codes. In this context, two crucial codes were “being busy and having problems at work and school” and “lack of cooperation on the part of family and friends”. Further details on the codes and examples have been shown in Table 5.
The third theme was related to diet characteristics categorized into six parts: the diet’s ineffectiveness, expensiveness of diet food and dietary supplements, unavailability of food, unscientific and unconventional diets, feeling bad about the diet, and unpalatable diet food. Further details on the codes and examples have been presented in Table 6.
Theme 1. Personal reasons for dropout of diet
The first theme was personal reasons for diet dropout, categorized into six parts: diet misunderstanding, lack of motivation, stress and hormonal impairment, feeling of “being harmful to health”, lack of mental and psychological preparation, and personal taste. Then, 17 codes were generated from the categorized subsets. What follows includes the details of the codes and examples.
Among the participants, the term “dropout” was used to describe withdrawal from dieting, such that overeating might occur. In other words, “premature termination of diet and gradual overeating” was often used to describe this phenomenon. In this theme, the reasons for the dropout of diet were explained.
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Misunderstanding of diet: In this sub-theme, there were several concepts such as “the idea that we can maintain weight without going on a diet” and “imagination of quick weight loss”. Regarding the maintenance of weight without going on a diet, one of the participants stated:
“After losing weight, I thought I no longer needed to be on a diet” (participant No. 3).
Not having enough motivation
In this sub-theme, one crucial concept was “lack of motivation”. One of the participants said:
“I didn't adhere to my diet at a party. We always had a party. Repeating this made me lose my diet, and my appetite increased again. So, I could no longer continue my diet program. The most important factor in my diet dropout was not motivated” (participant No. 8).
Stress and hormonal disorder
In this sub-theme, there were several concepts such as “stress and hormonal disorder” and “taking hormonal drugs”. In this context, two participants maintained:
“I experienced hormonal imbalance and weight gain a few years ago. I was offered a diet. I adhered to the diet for seven or eight months, and I went to a gym, as well. I experienced a good weight loss, and I was delighted. However, due to stress conditions and thyroid hormone problems, I regained my weight. This was repeated two or three years later … ” (Participant No. 11).
“ … After my weight was fixed, the doctor gave me a maintenance diet, but I neglected it. Besides, because of hormonal problems, my weight increased rapidly. I did not go to the doctor again to pursue this problem. I was also involved in depression. My appetite increased because of the hormonal disturbance and consumption of anti-depression drugs … ’ (Participant No. 5).
Having the feeling of “being harmful to health
In this sub-theme, there were several concepts such as “having headaches,” “having stomach burning,” and “having brittle nails.” In this regard, eight participants said:
“ … The problem was that I was weak in the early days, and it was hard for me. I became very thin during the diet, but I had severe headaches, and my face had deteriorated. So, I dropped out of my diet. The problem with my diet was that it had some effects on my skin, and it didn't affect my body because I exercised. Because of my stubborn diet, my face and skin were flaky. I had hair loss and stomach burning. As a result of this diet, I had severe hair loss and had a lot of physical weakness, and my nails were broken. I called them and said I had hair loss, but they said it was OK … ” (Participant No. 1).
Lack of mental and psychological preparation
In this sub-theme, there were several concepts such as “spouse’s lack of cooperation for adherence to the diet,” “friends’ comments about facial aging,” and “lack of companionship to maintain a diet.” In this respect, six participants mentioned:
“ … I dropped out of the diet because my wife said that my face was shrinking and that I was getting old and broken. I lost a little weight, but weight loss affected my face a lot, and people around me kept saying that I looked too old. My diet didn't cause any problems, and it was perfect. Most troubles were related to those around us who insisted on eating wherever we went...” (Participant No. 19).
Personal taste
In this sub-theme, there were several concepts such as “dislike for diet food,” “great interest in certain food items,” “high tendency towards sweets,” “lack of diet based on one’s interests and appetite,” and “too many restrictions in the diet.” In this regard, five participants said:
“ … The problem with my diet was that there were lots of food items that I didn't like. I was fond of pizza and soda and couldn't remove them from my diet. During the diet, I found myself craving a lot of sweets. All my favorite food items were eliminated from the diet, and the amount of food was insufficient for my appetite. It was challenging for me to restrict starchy food and fat in the diet, and I didn't feel good about it...” (Participant No. 2).
Theme 2. Familial and social reasons for dropout of diet
The study findings reflected the relationship between personals as well as their backgrounds and social and familial factors. This theme included two categories and two codes. The details of the codes and examples have been presented below.
Social problems
This sub-theme consisted of one concept; i.e., “being busy and having problems at work and school.” In this regard, two participants said:
“ … My main problem was my work. I became hungry during the nights because I was on shift work and had woken up in the morning. I didn't know what to do, and I was starving. Due to the cramped university classes and lack of time, I couldn't adhere to my diet schedule. Besides, I couldn't exercise … ” (Participant No. 6).
Familial problems
This sub-theme consisted of one concept; i.e., “lack of cooperation on the part of family and friends.” In this context, three participants maintained:
“ … My daughter got married. We had lots of parties. My son-in-law’s family insisted on eating every time. After that, I gradually dropped out of my diet that was going on well … ” (Participant No. 7).
Theme 3. Reasons related to diet characteristics
The third theme included the reasons related to diet characteristics and was categorized into six parts: the ineffectiveness of diet, the expensiveness of diet food and dietary supplements, unavailability of food, unscientific and unconventional diets, and feeling bad about the diet, and unpalatable diet food. Further details about the codes and examples have been provided below:
Ineffectiveness of diet
This sub-theme consisted of one concept; i.e., “no weight loss.” Two participants said:
“ … I was very motivated for the first couple of months. However, when my weight didn’t change, I lost my motivation … ” (Participant No. 5).
Expensive diet food and dietary supplements
This sub-theme included two concepts, namely “expensive diet food” and “expensive weight loss supplements.” In this regard, two participants stated:
“ … The problem with my diet was that it wasn't economical, and it was very difficult to get diet food. So, I couldn’t adapt to the diet, and I lost my motivation gradually. Weight-loss supplements are generally expensive, and they are not worthy for long-term usage … ” (Participant No. 13).
Unavailability of food
This sub-theme consisted of two concepts, namely “unavailability of certain food items” and “unavailability of food in different situations.” In this respect, two participants said:
“ … The problem with my diet was that it was challenging to get food. So, I couldn’t adapt to the diet, gradually left, and did not attend the therapy sessions. My lunch and dinner meals were almost just meat, poultry, and grilled fish in my diet. Normally, this type of food was not always available to me since I was at work or because of attending parties and family gatherings or some other restrictions … ” (Participant No. 18).
Unscientific and unconventional diets
This sub-theme consisted of two concepts, namely “unavailability of certain food items” and “unavailability of food in different situations.” In this regard, five participants maintained:
“ … I used different diets. Some were simple diets that had everything, and some were starchy and sugar-free. However, some were special diets that only had coffee or bananas. I tried different diets with temporary effects. I had no rice in my diet for the first month. I only had lentils or egg white for breakfast. Lunch and dinner included chicken breast or steamed fish and vegetables … ” (Participant No. 22).
Feeling bad about the diet
This sub-theme included one concept; i.e., “not paying attention to the strong tendency towards certain food items.” In this regard, two participants mentioned:
“ … At that time, I had a strong tendency towards chocolate and cocoa, which was limited, and my blood pressure dropped. In addition, I had headaches and felt weak almost all the time. I was very bothered and did not feel well … ” (Participant No. 24).
Unpalatable diet food
This sub-theme consisted of one concept; i.e., “not paying attention to personal unpalatable food items.” In this context, two participants said:
“ … My previous diet consistently made me eat beans or lentils, cooked vegetables, coconut, chicken, and boiled fish, which I didn't like at all. There were lots of food items in my diet that I didn't like … ” (Participants No. 14 and 10).
Discussion
Dropout of diet is one of the major problems in obesity management. Qualitative studies may have a suitable design to address this problem. In the current study, 28 final codes were extracted and classified into 15 categories. Finally, three general themes were obtained: personal reasons for dropout of diet, familial and social reasons, and reasons related to diet characteristics.
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The study results indicated the importance of personal reasons for diet dropout. This theme consisted of six subcategories, including diet misunderstanding, lack of motivation, stress and hormonal disorder, having the feel of “being harmful to health”, lack of mental and psychological preparation, and personal taste. Similarly, Anderson emphasized that patient-related factors could influence the maintenance of diets [18]. Lack of readiness and mental support was also one of the personal factors that could affect diet dropouts. In the same line, Fidelix et al. revealed a significant relationship between diet dropout and depression, anxiety, body dissatisfaction, emotional role, and mental health as psychological parameters. Furthermore, Fassino et al. indicated that the combination of low self-management and low participation could affect the dropout of treatments [16]. Alice et al. also disclosed that depression, stress, strong body shape concern, previous weight-loss attempts, and being unemployed were essential factors in the continuation or dropout of the treatment process [19].
The findings of the present qualitative analysis suggested that weight-loss diet dropout could be attributed to familial and social reasons. This theme included two sub-themes: being busy and having problems at work and school and having family members and friends who did not accompany them in the weight-loss procedure. A previous study also demonstrated that one of the most essential factors in diet dropout was the lack of support from family members and friends [20, 21]. The results of a study by Bruges et al. In a systematic review also showed that there should be new insights for physicians specializing in obesity. They must be careful in designing a lifestyle intervention program. Barriers to behavior change should be removed early in treatment and lifestyle intervention based on it. First, the negative mood and unrealistic expectations of weight loss should be discussed.
The recent study also indicated that one of the main factors in dropout rates in obesity managmants is family factors. Thus, clinicians and dietitians to improve diet consultation and decrease dropout rate need to more attention supportive family environment in weight mangmant program [22].
Determining the characteristics that contribute to dropout in weight management program is crucial for identifying individuals who are at high risk of dropping out. In this area, psychological health issues such as depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction may have an impact on the result of a weight-loss program and the dropout rate [23‐25]. The current study also showed that mental and psychological preparation could influence in droup out rate. Determining psychological health in weight management and weight dropout is an important issue for future research.
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The results of the current qualitative research showed that weight-loss diet dropout could be attributed to diet characteristics. This theme had six subcategories: ineffectiveness of diet, expensive diet food and dietary supplements, unavailability of food items, unscientific and unconventional diets, feeling bad about the diet, and unpalatable diet food and People’s inability to provide nutrients and low in calories is an important factor in dropout of a weight loss diet. Ferdosian et al. reported that 42% of the participants suffered from low-calorie diets as the most crucial issue with improvement in their weight-loss programs. On the other hand, 81% of the participants stated that concordance of the diet with daily work schedules and decrease of starch and sweets were the factors that contributed to the success and maintenance of the weight-loss program. The expensiveness of food or dietary supplements was also one of the most important factors in that study [26]. In the same line, Ahnis et al. revealed that expensive diets were associated with diet dropout. A previous study also indicated that economic status could determine the success rate or dropout of diets [27‐29].
The effect of “hormonal disorders” on withdrawal from diet is not directly mentioned in any of the studied sources, but some studies have suggested the effect of diseases on withdrawal from treatment, which can be classified as hormonal disorders [26, 30, 31].. However, the study and recognition of hormonal disorders independently as one of the reasons for withdrawal from the treatment process in obese and overweight patients, has been done in this study for the first time.
Feeling unhealthy due to diet was one of the reasons for excluding the diet in this study. The results of the study of Ahnis et al. Show that there is a relationship between “getting sick” and withdrawing from the treatment regimen process (31). Which is consistent with the results of studies by Ferdowsian et al. And Anderson et al. [26, 31].
Application of findings
The current study findings can be used to develop principles and guidelines for prescribing diets for patients and resetting diets for patients who have withdrawn from their diets. Moreover, universities and academic institutions are recommended to explore the causes of dieting and obesity, which endanger the health of society. They must also find solutions to remove social barriers and educate people about familial barriers. This will eventually help people establish a healthy lifestyle. The strength of this study is to provide a deep understanding of how people drop out in a weight loss diet, which is the actual reality for nutritionists. Also, the limitation of this research was that none of the patients was evaluated in a private clinic.
Conclusion
Considering the increasing prevalence of obesity and the high rates of diet dropouts, a deep understanding of the reasons for diet dropouts may be helpful. In the present study, the reasons for diet dropout were identified in three levels, namely personal reasons for dropout of diet, familial and social reasons, and reasons related to diet characteristics. Hence, clinicians are recommended to pay more attention to the complexity of weight management and weight-loss maintenance. Moreover, paying attention to personalized diets, characteristics of diets, and familial and social support is suggested for formulating an efficient weight management diet.
Acknowledgments
The researchers would like to thank all the participants who contributed to the study. The authors would also like to thank the Education Development Center of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for its cooperation in this study. Thanks also to Ms. A. Keivanshekouh at the Research Consultation Center (RCC) of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences to improve the use of English in the manuscript.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was conducted under the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. Research permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (IR.SUMS.REC.1398.1299) to comply with ethical considerations. Also, by providing participants with information about the research objectives and obtaining permission to record audio, they were assured that the information gathered would remain confidential. All the participants provided informed consent, and They were also told they could leave the study whenever they wanted.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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