Combined Thiazolidinedione-Insulin Therapy

Thiazolidinediones, also called glitazones, are insulin sensitisers that act as agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPARγ). After the withdrawal of troglitazone due to hepatotoxicity, only pioglitazone and rosiglitazone can be used for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, either as monotherapy or in combination with metformin or with sulphonylureas (or glinides). The combination of glitazones with insulin is also appealing, as it allows improvement of glycaemic control while decreasing the daily insulin requirement. Insulin dosage has to be adjusted regularly to avoid hypoglycaemic episodes. However, some concerns have been raised about such combined glitazone-insulin therapy because it may favour weight gain due to both enhanced adipogenesis and fluid retention. Such adverse effects are commonly observed in all diabetic individuals receiving glitazones, whatever the mode of use, but they appear to be exacerbated in insulin-treated patients. Body fat gain is a major drawback of treatment with adipogenic compounds such as glitazones. However, some evidence suggests that the fat is redistributed in a favourable direction, that is, from visceral to subcutaneous depots, although no long-term follow-up is yet available. An estimated 2–5% of patients receiving glitazone monotherapy and 5–15% receiving concomitant insulin therapy experience peripheral oedema. Some anecdotal cases of pulmonary oedema have also been reported, especially in insulin-treated patients, although the actual incidence of this complication is unknown. All glitazones increase the intravascular volume by approximately 6–7% in a dose-dependent manner. Rather than a direct effect on cardiac or renal function, fluid retention and tissue oedema seem to be part of a vascular ‘leak’ syndrome. Such a phenomenon may have greater consequences in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin because such patients are usually older, have had the disease long-term and have worse cardiac or renal function. Additionally, glitazones may potentiate the renal effects of insulin on sodium and water retention. Regardless of the mechanism, it is conceivable that additional fluid retention caused by glitazones may alter the already precarious volume status in patients with underlying cardiac or renal dysfunction, thus leading to oedema and congestive heart failure. Thus, it is prudent to either avoid glitazones or use them cautiously in individuals with impaired cardiac function. Further studies are clearly needed to define the mechanisms of fluid retention associated with glitazone use and to determine the safety of cautious use of these new insulin sensitisers in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes.