Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Sports Medicine 2/2009

01.02.2009 | Review Article

Sea-Level Exercise Performance Following Adaptation to Hypoxia

A Meta-Analysis

verfasst von: Darrell L. Bonetti, Dr Will G. Hopkins

Erschienen in: Sports Medicine | Ausgabe 2/2009

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Adaptation to living or training in hypoxic environments (altitude training) continues to gain interest from sport scientists and endurance athletes. Here we present the first meta-analytic review of the effects on performance and related physiological measures following adaptation to six protocols of natural or artificial hypoxia: live-high train-high (LHTH), live-high train-low (LHTL), artificial LHTL with daily exposure to long (8–18 hours) continuous, brief (1.5–5 hours) continuous or brief (<1.5 hours) intermittent periods of hypoxia, and artificial live-low train-high (LLTH).
The 51 qualifying studies provided 11–33 estimates for effects on power output with each protocol and up to 20 estimates for effects on maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and other potential mediators. The meta-analytic random-effect models included covariates to adjust for and estimate moderating effects of study characteristics such as altitude level and days of exposure. Poor reporting of inferential statistics limited the weighting factor in the models to sample size. Probabilistic inferences were derived using a smallest worthwhile effect on performance of 1%. Substantial enhancement of maximal endurance power output in controlled studies of subelite athletes was very likely with artificial brief intermittent LHTL (2.6%; 90% confidence limits ±1.2%), likely with LHTL (4.2%; ±2.9%), possible with artificial long continuous LHTL (1.4; ±2.0%), but unclear with LHTH (0.9; ±3.4%), artificial brief continuous LHTL (0.7%; ±2.5%) and LLTH (0.9%; ±2.4%). In elite athletes, enhancement was possible with natural LHTL (4.0%; ±3.7%), but unclear with other protocols. There was evidence that these effects were mediated at least partly by substantial placebo, nocebo and training-camp effects with some protocols. Enhancing protocols by appropriate manipulation of study characteristics produced clear effects with all protocols (3.5–6.8%) in subelite athletes, but only with LHTH (5.2%) and LHTL (4.3%) in elite athletes. For V̇O2max, increases were very likely with LHTH (4.3%; ±2.6%) in subelite athletes, whereas in elite athletes a ‘reduction’ was possible with LHTH (-1.5%; ±2.0%); changes with other protocols were unclear. Effects on erythropoietic and other physiological mediators provided little additional insight into mechanisms.
In summary, natural LHTL currently provides the best protocol for enhancing endurance performance in elite and subelite athletes, while some artificial protocols are effective in subelite athletes. Likely mediators include V̇O2max and the placebo, nocebo and training-camp effects. Modification of the protocols presents the possibility of further enhancements, which should be the focus of future research.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine BD, Stray-Gundersen J. ‘Living high-training low’: effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with lowaltitudetraining on performance. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 102–12PubMed Levine BD, Stray-Gundersen J. ‘Living high-training low’: effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with lowaltitudetraining on performance. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 102–12PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Gore CJ, Clark SA, Saunders PU. Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1600–9PubMedCrossRef Gore CJ, Clark SA, Saunders PU. Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1600–9PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Gore CJ, Hopkins WG. Counterpoint: positive effects of intermittent hypoxia (live high-train low) on exercise performance are not mediated primarily by augmented red cell volume. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 2055–7PubMedCrossRef Gore CJ, Hopkins WG. Counterpoint: positive effects of intermittent hypoxia (live high-train low) on exercise performance are not mediated primarily by augmented red cell volume. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 2055–7PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine BD, Stray-Gundersen J. Point: positive effects of intermittent hypoxia (live high: train low) on exercise performance are mediated primarily by augmented red cell volume. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 2053–5PubMedCrossRef Levine BD, Stray-Gundersen J. Point: positive effects of intermittent hypoxia (live high: train low) on exercise performance are mediated primarily by augmented red cell volume. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 2053–5PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat di Prampero PE. The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water. Int J Sports Med 1986; 7: 55–72PubMedCrossRef di Prampero PE. The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water. Int J Sports Med 1986; 7: 55–72PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine BD. Intermittent hypoxic training: fact and fancy. High Alt Med Biol 2002; 3: 177–93PubMedCrossRef Levine BD. Intermittent hypoxic training: fact and fancy. High Alt Med Biol 2002; 3: 177–93PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Stray-Gundersen J, Chapman RF, Levine BD. ‘Living hightraining low’ altitude training improves sea level performancein male and female elite runners. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 1113–20PubMed Stray-Gundersen J, Chapman RF, Levine BD. ‘Living hightraining low’ altitude training improves sea level performancein male and female elite runners. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 1113–20PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood MR, Dowson MN, Hopkins WG. Running performance after adaptation to acutely intermittent hypoxia. Eur J Sport Sci 2006; 6: 163–72CrossRef Wood MR, Dowson MN, Hopkins WG. Running performance after adaptation to acutely intermittent hypoxia. Eur J Sport Sci 2006; 6: 163–72CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Brugniaux JV, Schmitt L, Robach P, et al. Eighteen days of ‘living high, training low’ stimulate erythropoiesis andenhance aerobic performance in elite middle-distance runners. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 203–11PubMedCrossRef Brugniaux JV, Schmitt L, Robach P, et al. Eighteen days of ‘living high, training low’ stimulate erythropoiesis andenhance aerobic performance in elite middle-distance runners. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 203–11PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Robach P, Schmitt L, Brugniaux JV, et al. Living hightraining low: effect on erythropoiesis and maximal aerobic performance in elite Nordic skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97: 695–705PubMedCrossRef Robach P, Schmitt L, Brugniaux JV, et al. Living hightraining low: effect on erythropoiesis and maximal aerobic performance in elite Nordic skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97: 695–705PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Robach P, Schmitt L, Brugniaux JV, et al. Living hightraining low: effect on erythropoiesis and aerobic performance in highly-trained swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 96: 423–33PubMedCrossRef Robach P, Schmitt L, Brugniaux JV, et al. Living hightraining low: effect on erythropoiesis and aerobic performance in highly-trained swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 96: 423–33PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmitt L, Millet G, Robach P, et al. Influence of ‘living high-training low’ on aerobic performance and economy of workin elite athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97: 627–36PubMedCrossRef Schmitt L, Millet G, Robach P, et al. Influence of ‘living high-training low’ on aerobic performance and economy of workin elite athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97: 627–36PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, et al. Effects of equivalent sea level and altitude training on V̇;O2max and running performance. J Appl Physiol 1975; 39: 262–6PubMed Adams WC, Bernauer EM, Dill DB, et al. Effects of equivalent sea level and altitude training on V̇;O2max and running performance. J Appl Physiol 1975; 39: 262–6PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Balke B, Nagle FJ, Daniels J. Altitude and maximum performance in work and sports activity. JAMA 1965; 194: 646–9PubMedCrossRef Balke B, Nagle FJ, Daniels J. Altitude and maximum performance in work and sports activity. JAMA 1965; 194: 646–9PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Bushkirk ER, Kollias J, Akers RF, et al. Maximal performance at altitude and on return from altitude in conditioned runners. J Appl Physiol 1967; 23: 259–66 Bushkirk ER, Kollias J, Akers RF, et al. Maximal performance at altitude and on return from altitude in conditioned runners. J Appl Physiol 1967; 23: 259–66
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Casas M, Casas H, Pages T, et al. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia induces altitude acclimation and improves the lactate threshold. Aviat Space Environ Med 2000; 71: 125–30PubMed Casas M, Casas H, Pages T, et al. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia induces altitude acclimation and improves the lactate threshold. Aviat Space Environ Med 2000; 71: 125–30PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Chapman RF, Stray-Gundersen J, Levine BD. Individual variation in response to altitude training. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 1448–56PubMed Chapman RF, Stray-Gundersen J, Levine BD. Individual variation in response to altitude training. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 1448–56PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Daniels J, Oldridge N. The effects of alternate exposure of altitude and sea level on world-class middle-distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1970; 2: 107–12 Daniels J, Oldridge N. The effects of alternate exposure of altitude and sea level on world-class middle-distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1970; 2: 107–12
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hellemans J. Intermittent hypoxic training: a pilot study. Proceedings of the Second Annual International Altitude Training Symposium. Flagstaff: 1999: 145–54 Hellemans J. Intermittent hypoxic training: a pilot study. Proceedings of the Second Annual International Altitude Training Symposium. Flagstaff: 1999: 145–54
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Klausen K, Robinson S, Micahel ED, et al. Effect of high altitude on maximal working capacity. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21: 1191–4PubMed Klausen K, Robinson S, Micahel ED, et al. Effect of high altitude on maximal working capacity. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21: 1191–4PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Piehl Aulin K, Svedenhag J, Wide L, et al. Short-term intermittent normobaric hypoxia-hematological, physiological and mental effects. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1998; 8: 132–7PubMedCrossRef Piehl Aulin K, Svedenhag J, Wide L, et al. Short-term intermittent normobaric hypoxia-hematological, physiological and mental effects. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1998; 8: 132–7PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodriguez FA, Casas H, Casas M, et al. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia stimulates erythropoiesis andimproves aerobic capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 264–8PubMedCrossRef Rodriguez FA, Casas H, Casas M, et al. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia stimulates erythropoiesis andimproves aerobic capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 264–8PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodriguez FA, Murio J, Ventura JL. Effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia and altitude training on physiologicaland performance parameters in swimmers [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: S115 Rodriguez FA, Murio J, Ventura JL. Effects of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia and altitude training on physiologicaland performance parameters in swimmers [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: S115
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Telford RD, Graham KS, Sutton JR, et al. Medium altitude training and sea level performance [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: S124 Telford RD, Graham KS, Sutton JR, et al. Medium altitude training and sea level performance [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: S124
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Nummela ARI. Acclimatization to altitude and normoxic training improve 400-m running performance at sea level. J Sports Sci 2000; 18: 411–9PubMedCrossRef Nummela ARI. Acclimatization to altitude and normoxic training improve 400-m running performance at sea level. J Sports Sci 2000; 18: 411–9PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Vallier JM, Chateau P, Guezennec CY. Effects of physical training in a hypobaric chamber on the physical performance of competitive triathletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996; 73: 471–8CrossRef Vallier JM, Chateau P, Guezennec CY. Effects of physical training in a hypobaric chamber on the physical performance of competitive triathletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996; 73: 471–8CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodríguez FA, Ventura JL, Casas M, et al. Erythropoietin acute reaction and haematological adaptations to short,intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 82: 170–7PubMedCrossRef Rodríguez FA, Ventura JL, Casas M, et al. Erythropoietin acute reaction and haematological adaptations to short,intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 82: 170–7PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Bailey DM, Davies B, Romer L, et al. Implications of moderate altitude training for sea-level endurance in elite distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998; 78: 360–8CrossRef Bailey DM, Davies B, Romer L, et al. Implications of moderate altitude training for sea-level endurance in elite distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998; 78: 360–8CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Burtscher M, Nachbauer W, Baumgartl P, et al. Benefits of training at moderate altitude versus sea level training in amateur runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996; 74: 558–63CrossRef Burtscher M, Nachbauer W, Baumgartl P, et al. Benefits of training at moderate altitude versus sea level training in amateur runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996; 74: 558–63CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedmann B, Jost J, Rating T, et al. Effects of iron supplementation on total body hemoglobin during endurance training at moderate altitude. Int J Sports Med 1999; 20: 78–85PubMed Friedmann B, Jost J, Rating T, et al. Effects of iron supplementation on total body hemoglobin during endurance training at moderate altitude. Int J Sports Med 1999; 20: 78–85PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Gore CJ, Hahn A, Rice A, et al. Altitude training at 2690m does not increase total haemoglobin mass or sea level V̇O2max in world champion track cyclists. J Sci Med Sport 1998; 1: 156–70PubMedCrossRef Gore CJ, Hahn A, Rice A, et al. Altitude training at 2690m does not increase total haemoglobin mass or sea level V̇O2max in world champion track cyclists. J Sci Med Sport 1998; 1: 156–70PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Ingjer F, Myhre K. Physiological effects of altitude training on elite male cross-country skiers. J Sports Sci 1992; 10: 37–47PubMedCrossRef Ingjer F, Myhre K. Physiological effects of altitude training on elite male cross-country skiers. J Sports Sci 1992; 10: 37–47PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen K, Nielsen TS, Fikestrand A, et al. High-altitude training does not increase maximal oxygen uptake or work capacity at sea level in rowers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1993; 3: 256–62CrossRef Jensen K, Nielsen TS, Fikestrand A, et al. High-altitude training does not increase maximal oxygen uptake or work capacity at sea level in rowers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1993; 3: 256–62CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine BD, Stray-Gundersen J. Altitude training does not improve running performance more than equivalent training near sea level in trained runners [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: S95 Levine BD, Stray-Gundersen J. Altitude training does not improve running performance more than equivalent training near sea level in trained runners [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: S95
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Miyashita M, Mutoh Y, Yamamoto Y. Altitude training for improving swimming performance at sea level. Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med 1988; 37: 111–6 Miyashita M, Mutoh Y, Yamamoto Y. Altitude training for improving swimming performance at sea level. Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med 1988; 37: 111–6
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Pyne DB. Performance and physiological changes in highly trained swimmers during altitude training. Coach Sport Sci J 1998; 3: 42–8 Pyne DB. Performance and physiological changes in highly trained swimmers during altitude training. Coach Sport Sci J 1998; 3: 42–8
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Rusko HK, Tikkanen H, Paavolainen L, et al. Effect of living in hypoxia and training in normoxia on sea level V̇O2max and red cell mass [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: S86 Rusko HK, Tikkanen H, Paavolainen L, et al. Effect of living in hypoxia and training in normoxia on sea level V̇O2max and red cell mass [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: S86
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Saunders PU, Telford RD, Pyne DB, et al. Improved running economy in elite runners after 20 days of simulated-moderate-altitude exposure. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 931–7PubMedCrossRef Saunders PU, Telford RD, Pyne DB, et al. Improved running economy in elite runners after 20 days of simulated-moderate-altitude exposure. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 931–7PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Svedenhag J, Saltinj B. Aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacities of elite middle-distance runners after two weeks of training at moderate. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1991; 1: 205–14CrossRef Svedenhag J, Saltinj B. Aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacities of elite middle-distance runners after two weeks of training at moderate. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1991; 1: 205–14CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Svedenhag J, Piehl-Aulin K, Skog C, et al. Increased left ventricular muscle mass after long-term altitude training in athletes. Acta Physiol Scand 1997; 161: 63–70PubMedCrossRef Svedenhag J, Piehl-Aulin K, Skog C, et al. Increased left ventricular muscle mass after long-term altitude training in athletes. Acta Physiol Scand 1997; 161: 63–70PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Dehnert C, Huetler M, Liu Y, et al. Erythropoiesis and performance after two weeks of living high and traininglow in well trained triathletes. Int J Sports Med 2002; 23: 561–6PubMedCrossRef Dehnert C, Huetler M, Liu Y, et al. Erythropoiesis and performance after two weeks of living high and traininglow in well trained triathletes. Int J Sports Med 2002; 23: 561–6PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Stray-Gundersen J, Levine BD. Altitude acclimatization normoxic training (high/low) improves sea level endurance immediately on descent from altitude [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: S64 Stray-Gundersen J, Levine BD. Altitude acclimatization normoxic training (high/low) improves sea level endurance immediately on descent from altitude [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: S64
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Wehrlin JP, Zuest P, Hallen J, et al. Live high-train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volumein elite endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 1938–45PubMedCrossRef Wehrlin JP, Zuest P, Hallen J, et al. Live high-train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volumein elite endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 1938–45PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Witkowski S, Karlsen T, Resaland G, et al. Optimal altitude for ‘living high–training low’ [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: S292 Witkowski S, Karlsen T, Resaland G, et al. Optimal altitude for ‘living high–training low’ [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: S292
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark SA, Aughey RJ, Gore CJ, et al. Effects of live high, train low hypoxic exposure on lactate metabolism intrained humans. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 517–25PubMedCrossRef Clark SA, Aughey RJ, Gore CJ, et al. Effects of live high, train low hypoxic exposure on lactate metabolism intrained humans. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 517–25PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Gore CJ, Hahn AG, Aughey RJ, et al. Live high: train low increases muscle buffer capacity and submaximal cycling efficiency. Acta Physiol Scand 2001; 173: 275–86PubMedCrossRef Gore CJ, Hahn AG, Aughey RJ, et al. Live high: train low increases muscle buffer capacity and submaximal cycling efficiency. Acta Physiol Scand 2001; 173: 275–86PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Hahn AG, Gore CJ, Martin DT, et al. An evaluation of the concept of living at moderate altitude and training at sea level. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 128: 777–89PubMedCrossRef Hahn AG, Gore CJ, Martin DT, et al. An evaluation of the concept of living at moderate altitude and training at sea level. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 128: 777–89PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinckson EA, Hopkins WG. Changes in running endurance performance following intermittent altitude exposure simulated with tents. Eur J Sport Sci 2005; 5: 15–24CrossRef Hinckson EA, Hopkins WG. Changes in running endurance performance following intermittent altitude exposure simulated with tents. Eur J Sport Sci 2005; 5: 15–24CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinckson EA, Hopkins WG, Fleming JS, et al. Sea-level performance in runners using altitude tents: a field study. J Sci Med Sport 2005; 8: 451–7PubMedCrossRef Hinckson EA, Hopkins WG, Fleming JS, et al. Sea-level performance in runners using altitude tents: a field study. J Sci Med Sport 2005; 8: 451–7PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin DT, Hahn AG, Lee H, et al. Effects of a 12-day ‘live high train low’ cycling camp on 4-min and 30-min performance [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: S157 Martin DT, Hahn AG, Lee H, et al. Effects of a 12-day ‘live high train low’ cycling camp on 4-min and 30-min performance [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: S157
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattila V, Rusko H. Effect of living high and training low on sea level performance in cyclists [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: S156 Mattila V, Rusko H. Effect of living high and training low on sea level performance in cyclists [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: S156
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts A, Clark S, Townsend N, et al. Changes in performance, maximal oxygen uptake and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit after 5, 10 and 15 days of live high:train low altitude exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 88: 390–5PubMedCrossRef Roberts A, Clark S, Townsend N, et al. Changes in performance, maximal oxygen uptake and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit after 5, 10 and 15 days of live high:train low altitude exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 88: 390–5PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Basset FA, Joanisse DR, Boivin F, et al. Effects of shortterm normobaric hypoxia on haematology, muscle phenotypesand physical performance in highly trained athletes. Exp Physiol 2006; 91: 391–402PubMedCrossRef Basset FA, Joanisse DR, Boivin F, et al. Effects of shortterm normobaric hypoxia on haematology, muscle phenotypesand physical performance in highly trained athletes. Exp Physiol 2006; 91: 391–402PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Katayama K, Matsuo H, Ishida K, et al. Intermittent hypoxia improves endurance performance and submaximal exercise efficiency. High Alt Med Biol 2003; 4: 291–304PubMedCrossRef Katayama K, Matsuo H, Ishida K, et al. Intermittent hypoxia improves endurance performance and submaximal exercise efficiency. High Alt Med Biol 2003; 4: 291–304PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Katayama K, Sato K, Matsuo H, et al. Effect of intermittent hypoxia on oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise in endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 92: 75–83PubMedCrossRef Katayama K, Sato K, Matsuo H, et al. Effect of intermittent hypoxia on oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise in endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 92: 75–83PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Gore CJ, Rodriguez FA, Truijens MJ, et al. Increased serum erythropoietin but not red cell production after 4 wk of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (4,000-5,500 m). J Appl Physiol 2006; 101: 1386–93PubMedCrossRef Gore CJ, Rodriguez FA, Truijens MJ, et al. Increased serum erythropoietin but not red cell production after 4 wk of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (4,000-5,500 m). J Appl Physiol 2006; 101: 1386–93PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodriguez FA, Truijens MJ, Townsend NE, et al. Performance of runners and swimmers after four weeks of intermittent hypobaric hypoxic exposure plus sea level training. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103: 1523–35PubMedCrossRef Rodriguez FA, Truijens MJ, Townsend NE, et al. Performance of runners and swimmers after four weeks of intermittent hypobaric hypoxic exposure plus sea level training. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103: 1523–35PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonetti DL, Hopkins WG, Kilding AE. High-intensity kayak performance after adaptation to intermittent hypoxia. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2006; 1: 246–60PubMed Bonetti DL, Hopkins WG, Kilding AE. High-intensity kayak performance after adaptation to intermittent hypoxia. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2006; 1: 246–60PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonetti DL, Hopkins WG, Kilding AE, et al. Cycling performance following adaptation to two protocols of acutely intermittent hypoxia. 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science; 2007 Jul 12-15; Jyväskylä Bonetti DL, Hopkins WG, Kilding AE, et al. Cycling performance following adaptation to two protocols of acutely intermittent hypoxia. 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science; 2007 Jul 12-15; Jyväskylä
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamlin MJ, Hellmans J. Effect of intermittent normobaric hypoxic exposure at rest on hematological, physiological and performance parameters in multi-sport athletes. J Sports Sci 2007; 25: 431–41PubMedCrossRef Hamlin MJ, Hellmans J. Effect of intermittent normobaric hypoxic exposure at rest on hematological, physiological and performance parameters in multi-sport athletes. J Sports Sci 2007; 25: 431–41PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinckson EA, Hopkins WG, Downey BM, et al. The effect of intermittent hypoxic training via a hypoxic inhaler on physiological and performance measures in rowers: a pilot study. J Sci Med Sport 2006; 9: 177–80PubMedCrossRef Hinckson EA, Hopkins WG, Downey BM, et al. The effect of intermittent hypoxic training via a hypoxic inhaler on physiological and performance measures in rowers: a pilot study. J Sci Med Sport 2006; 9: 177–80PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Julian C, Gore C, Wilber R, et al. Intermittent normobaric hypoxia does not alter performance or erythropoietic markers in highly trained distance runners. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 1800–7PubMedCrossRef Julian C, Gore C, Wilber R, et al. Intermittent normobaric hypoxia does not alter performance or erythropoietic markers in highly trained distance runners. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 1800–7PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Dufour SP, Ponsot E, Zoll J, et al. Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners: I. Improvement in aerobic performance capacity. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 1238–48PubMedCrossRef Dufour SP, Ponsot E, Zoll J, et al. Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners: I. Improvement in aerobic performance capacity. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 1238–48PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Hendriksen IJ, Meeuwsen T. The effect of intermittent training in hypobaric hypoxia on sea-level exercise: a cross-over study in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 88: 396–403PubMedCrossRef Hendriksen IJ, Meeuwsen T. The effect of intermittent training in hypobaric hypoxia on sea-level exercise: a cross-over study in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 88: 396–403PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Katayama K, Sato Y, Morotome Y, et al. Ventilatory chemosensitive adaptations to intermittent hypoxic exposure with endurance training and detraining. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 1805–11PubMed Katayama K, Sato Y, Morotome Y, et al. Ventilatory chemosensitive adaptations to intermittent hypoxic exposure with endurance training and detraining. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 1805–11PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Morton JP, Cable NT. The effects of intermittent hypoxic training on aerobic and anaerobic performance. Ergonomics 2005; 48: 1535–46PubMedCrossRef Morton JP, Cable NT. The effects of intermittent hypoxic training on aerobic and anaerobic performance. Ergonomics 2005; 48: 1535–46PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Roels B, Millet GP, Marcoux CJ, et al. Effects of hypoxic interval training on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 138–46PubMedCrossRef Roels B, Millet GP, Marcoux CJ, et al. Effects of hypoxic interval training on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 138–46PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Terrados N, Melichna J, Sylvén C, et al. Effects of training at simulated altitude on performance and muscle metabolic capacity in competitive road cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 1988; 57: 203–9CrossRef Terrados N, Melichna J, Sylvén C, et al. Effects of training at simulated altitude on performance and muscle metabolic capacity in competitive road cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 1988; 57: 203–9CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Truijens MJ, Toussaint HM, Dow J, et al. Effect of highintensity hypoxic training on sea-level swimming performances. J Appl Physiol 2003; 94: 733–43PubMed Truijens MJ, Toussaint HM, Dow J, et al. Effect of highintensity hypoxic training on sea-level swimming performances. J Appl Physiol 2003; 94: 733–43PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Ventura N, Hoppeler H, Seiler R, et al. The response of trained athletes to six weeks of endurance training in hypoxiaor normoxia. Int J Sports Med 2003; 24: 166–72PubMedCrossRef Ventura N, Hoppeler H, Seiler R, et al. The response of trained athletes to six weeks of endurance training in hypoxiaor normoxia. Int J Sports Med 2003; 24: 166–72PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Hackett PH, Roach R. High-altitude medicine. In: Auerbach PS, editor. Wilderness medicine. 3rd ed. St Louis(MO): Mosby, 1995: 1–37 Hackett PH, Roach R. High-altitude medicine. In: Auerbach PS, editor. Wilderness medicine. 3rd ed. St Louis(MO): Mosby, 1995: 1–37
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Hopkins WG, Schabort EJ, Hawley JA. Reliability of power in physical performance tests. Sports Med 2001; 31: 211–34PubMedCrossRef Hopkins WG, Schabort EJ, Hawley JA. Reliability of power in physical performance tests. Sports Med 2001; 31: 211–34PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Toussaint HM, Hollander AP. Energetics of competitive swimming: implications for training programmes. Sports Med 1994; 18: 384–405PubMedCrossRef Toussaint HM, Hollander AP. Energetics of competitive swimming: implications for training programmes. Sports Med 1994; 18: 384–405PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinckson EA, Hopkins WG. Reliability of time to exhaustion analyzed with critical-power and log-log modeling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 696–701PubMedCrossRef Hinckson EA, Hopkins WG. Reliability of time to exhaustion analyzed with critical-power and log-log modeling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 696–701PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2006; 1: 50–7PubMed Batterham AM, Hopkins WG. Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2006; 1: 50–7PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Hopkins WG. A spreadsheet for combining outcomes from several subject groups. Sportscience 2006; 10: 51–3 Hopkins WG. A spreadsheet for combining outcomes from several subject groups. Sportscience 2006; 10: 51–3
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Pyne D, Trewin C, Hopkins W. Progression and variability of competitive performance of Olympic swimmers. J Sports Sci 2004; 22: 613–20PubMedCrossRef Pyne D, Trewin C, Hopkins W. Progression and variability of competitive performance of Olympic swimmers. J Sports Sci 2004; 22: 613–20PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Hopkins WG. Competitive performance of elite trackand- field athletes: variability and smallest worth-while enhancements. Sportscience 2005; 9: 17–20 Hopkins WG. Competitive performance of elite trackand- field athletes: variability and smallest worth-while enhancements. Sportscience 2005; 9: 17–20
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Paton CD, Hopkins WG. Variation in performance of elite cyclists from race to race. Eur J Sport Sci 2006; 6: 1–7CrossRef Paton CD, Hopkins WG. Variation in performance of elite cyclists from race to race. Eur J Sport Sci 2006; 6: 1–7CrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt WF, Prommer N, Heinicke K, et al. Impact of total hemoglobin mass on V̇O2max [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39 (5): S3 Schmidt WF, Prommer N, Heinicke K, et al. Impact of total hemoglobin mass on V̇O2max [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39 (5): S3
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors forcomplications in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2518–27PubMedCrossRef Snowling NJ, Hopkins WG. Effects of different modes of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors forcomplications in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2518–27PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Rusko HK, Tikkanen HO, Peltonen JE. Altitude and endurance training. J Sports Sci 2004; 22: 928–45PubMedCrossRef Rusko HK, Tikkanen HO, Peltonen JE. Altitude and endurance training. J Sports Sci 2004; 22: 928–45PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Sea-Level Exercise Performance Following Adaptation to Hypoxia
A Meta-Analysis
verfasst von
Darrell L. Bonetti
Dr Will G. Hopkins
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2009
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Sports Medicine / Ausgabe 2/2009
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939020-00002

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Knie-TEP: Kein Vorteil durch antibiotikahaltigen Knochenzement

29.05.2024 Periprothetische Infektionen Nachrichten

Zur Zementierung einer Knie-TEP wird in Deutschland zu über 98% Knochenzement verwendet, der mit einem Antibiotikum beladen ist. Ob er wirklich besser ist als Zement ohne Antibiotikum, kann laut Registerdaten bezweifelt werden.

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

28.05.2024 Traumatologische Notfälle Nachrichten

In der Notaufnahme wird die Chance, Opfer von häuslicher Gewalt zu identifizieren, von Orthopäden und Orthopädinnen offenbar zu wenig genutzt. Darauf deuten die Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenstudie an der Sahlgrenska-Universität in Schweden hin.

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

28.05.2024 Fehlerkultur Podcast

Darüber reden und aus Fehlern lernen, sollte das Motto in der Medizin lauten. Und zwar nicht nur im Sinne der Patientensicherheit. Eine negative Fehlerkultur kann auch die Behandelnden ernsthaft krank machen, warnt Prof. Dr. Reinhard Strametz. Ein Plädoyer und ein Leitfaden für den offenen Umgang mit kritischen Ereignissen in Medizin und Pflege.

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

21.05.2024 Allgemeine Chirurgie Nachrichten

Ein Frauenanteil von mindestens einem Drittel im ärztlichen Op.-Team war in einer großen retrospektiven Studie aus Kanada mit einer signifikanten Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität assoziiert.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.