Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Typ-2-Diabetes und Adipositas Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Im April diskutierten die Herz-Kreislauf-Spezialisten aus der ganzen Welt auf dem  Kongress des American College of Cardiology (ACC) u.a. neue Therapieansätze bei akutem Myokardinfarkt, koronarer Herzerkrankung, kardiogenem Schock oder Aortenklappenstenose. In unserem Kongress-Dossier haben wir für Sie Berichte über die „Late-Breaking Trials“ und andere wichtige Studien zusammengestellt. 
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
CNS Drugs
Erschienen in: CNS Drugs 13/2004

01.11.2004 | Review Article

Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Dementia

Clinical Relevance, Methods of Assessment and Effects of Treatment

verfasst von: Dr Abhilash K. Desai, George T. Grossberg, Dharmesh N. Sheth

Erschienen in: CNS Drugs | Ausgabe 13/2004

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Disability, characterised by the loss of ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL), is a defining feature of dementia that results in growing caregiver burden and the eventual need for alternative care or nursing home placement. Functional decline in patients with dementia can also result from causes other than dementia, such as comorbid medical and psychiatric illnesses and sensory impairment. ADL consists of instrumental ADL (IADL) [complex higher order skills, such as managing finances] and basic ADL (BADL) [self-maintenance skills, such as bathing]. Assessment of IADL and BADL is recommended to establish a diagnosis of dementia. Functional assessment also helps the healthcare provider to offer appropriate counselling regarding safety concerns and need for custodial care. Functional capacity measures have been used increasingly in pharmacological trials of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias, although at the present time these measures are generally not primary outcome measures. Functional impairment is not a uniform construct; rather, it is multifaceted and can be measured with various clinical instruments. Many scales have been validated for use in patients with AD for characterising functional impairment and evaluating the efficacy of treatment. Research to date indicates that cholinesterase inhibitors have the potential for modest but meaningful beneficial effects on ADL in patients with mild-to-moderate AD. Memantine also has promising beneficial effects on functional abilities in persons with moderate-to-severe AD. Assessment of ADL as a primary efficacy measure using a validated scale that is non-gender biased and cross-nationally relevant is recommended in new treatment trials of patients with AD and related dementias.
Literatur
1.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias Guideline Panel. Recognition and initial assessment of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias: clinical practice guideline. Number 19. Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research (AHCPR) Publication No. 97-0702. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1996 Nov
2.
Henderson AS. Epidemiology of dementia disorders. In: Wurtman RJ, Corkin S, Growdon JH, et al., editors. Advances in neurology. Vol. 51: Alzheimer’s disease. New York: Raven Press, 1990: 15–25
3.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994
4.
McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 939–44PubMedCrossRef
5.
Cotrell V, Schulz R. The perspective of the patient with Alzheimer’s disease: a neglected dimension of dementia research. Gerontologist 1993; 33: 205–11PubMedCrossRef
6.
Green CR, Mohs RC, Schmeidler J, et al. Functional decline in Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 654–61PubMed
7.
8.
World Health Organization. The international classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps: a manual of classification relating to the consequences of disease. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980
9.
10.
Barberger-Gateau P, Fabrigoule C, Amieva H, et al. The disablement process: a conceptual framework for dementia-associated disability. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002; 13(2): 60–6PubMedCrossRef
11.
Woods B. Promoting well-being and independence for people with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999; 14: 97–109PubMedCrossRef
12.
Stuck AE, Walthert JM, Nikolaus T, et al. Risk factors for functional status decline in community-living elderly people: a systematic literature review. Soc Sci Med 1999; 48(4): 445–69PubMedCrossRef
13.
Royall DR. Executive cognitive impairment: a novel perspective on dementia. Neuroepidemiology 2000; 19(6): 293–9PubMedCrossRef
14.
Carswell A, Eastwood R. Activities of daily living, cognitive impairment and social function in community residents with Alzheimer disease. Can J Occup Ther 1993; 60: 130–13
15.
Stern Y, Hesdorffer D, Sano M, et al. Measurement and prediction of functional capacity in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1990; 40: 8–14PubMedCrossRef
16.
Royall DR, Chiodo LK, Polk MJ. Correlates of disability among elderly retirees with ‘subclinical’ cognitive impairment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55(9): M541–6PubMedCrossRef
17.
Barberger-Gateau P, Fabrigoule C. Disability and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Disabil Rehabil 1997; 19(5): 175–93PubMedCrossRef
18.
Reed B, Jagust WJ, Seab JP. Mental status as a predictor of daily function in progressive dementia. Gerontologist 1989; 29: 804–7PubMedCrossRef
19.
Quesada JJ, Ferrucci L, Calvani D, et al. Formal education as an effect modifier of the relationship between Mini-Mental State Examination score and IADL disability in the older population. Aging (Milano) 1997; 9(3): 175–9
20.
Stern Y, Liu X, Albert M, et al. Modeling the influence of extrapyramidal signs on the progression of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1996; 53: 1121–6PubMedCrossRef
21.
Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Cognitive impairment and functional disability in the absence of psychiatric diagnosis. Psychol Med 1991; 21: 77–84PubMedCrossRef
22.
Heaton RK, Pendleton MG. Use of neuropsychological tests to predict adult patients’ everyday functioning. J Consult Clin Psychol 1981; 49: 807–21PubMedCrossRef
23.
Gurland B. Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders. In: Sadavoy J, Lazarus LW, Jarvik LF, et al., editors. Comprehensive review of geriatric psychiatry: II. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc., 1996: 3–42
24.
Tractenberg R, Weiner MF, Patterson MB, et al. Emergent psychopathology in Alzheimer’s disease patients over 12 months associated with functional, not cognitive, changes. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15: 110–7PubMedCrossRef
25.
Warren EJ, Grek A, Conn D, et al. A correlation between cognitive performance and daily functioning in elderly people. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 2: 96–100PubMedCrossRef
26.
Gauthier S, Gelinas I, Gauthier L. Functional disability in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr 1997; 9 Suppl. 1: 163–5CrossRef
27.
Barberger-Gateau P, Commenges D, Gagnon M, et al. Instrumental activities of daily living as a screening tool for cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly community dwellers. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 1129–34PubMed
28.
Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, et al. Aging, memory, and mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr 1997; 9 Suppl. 1: 65–9CrossRef
29.
Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment: transition between aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurologia 2000; 15: 93–101PubMed
30.
Daly E, Zaitchik D, Copeland M, et al. Predicting conversion of Alzheimer disease using standardized clinical information. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 675–80PubMedCrossRef
31.
Katz S. Assessing self-maintenance: activities of daily living, mobility, and instrumental activities of daily living. J Am Geriatr Soc 1983; 31(12): 121–7
32.
Brodaty H, McGilchrist C, Harris L, et al. Time until institutionalization and death in patients with dementia. Arch Neurol 1993; 50: 643–50PubMedCrossRef
33.
Riter RN, Fries BE. Predictors of the placement of cognitively impaired residents on special care units. Gerontologist 1992; 32: 184–90PubMedCrossRef
34.
Gauthier S, Bodick N, Erzigkeit E, et al. Activities of daily living as an outcome measure in clinical trials of dementia drugs: position paper from the International Working Group on Harmonization of Dementia Drug Guidelines. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1997; 11 Suppl. 3: 6–7
35.
CPMP (Working Party on Efficacy of Medicinal Products). Antidementia medicinal products. Brussels: Commission of the European Community, 1992
36.
Mohr E, Feldman H, Gauthier S. Canadian guidelines for the development of antidementia therapies: a conceptual summary. Can J Neurol Sci 1995; 22: 62–71PubMed
37.
Bavazzano A, Magnolfi SU, Calvani C, et al. Functional evaluation of Alzheimer patients during clinical trials: a review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1998; 26 Suppl. 1: 27–32CrossRef
38.
Morris JC. The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology 1993; 43: 2412–4PubMedCrossRef
39.
Gauthier S, Rockwood K, Gelinas I, et al. Outcome measures for the study of activities of daily living in vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; 13: S143–7PubMed
40.
The Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Patterns of caring for people with dementia in Canada. Can J Aging 1994; 13: 470–87CrossRef
41.
Schulz R, O’Brien AT, Bookwala J, et al. Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: prevalence, correlates, and causes. Gerontologist 1995; 35: 771–91PubMedCrossRef
42.
Ballard CG, Shaw F, Lowery K, et al. The prevalence, assessment and associations of falls in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999; 10: 97–103PubMedCrossRef
43.
Bracco I, Gallato L, Grigoletto F, et al. Factors affecting course and survival in Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol 1994; 51: 1214–9CrossRef
44.
Thal LJ, Grundman M, Klauber MR. Dementia characteristics of a referral population and factors associated with progression. Neurology 1988; 38: 1083–90PubMedCrossRef
45.
Shua-Haim JR, Burnstein L, Gross JS. C-ADAT: caregiver-Alzheimer’s disease assessment tool. Am J Alzheimer Care Rel Disord Res 1995 Jan/Feb; 10: 2–5CrossRef
46.
Nagi SZ. Some conceptual issues in disability and rehabilitation. In: Sussman MB, editor. Sociology and rehabilitation. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association, 1965: 100–13
47.
Jonsson L, Jonsson B, Wimo A, et al. Second International Pharmacoeconomic Conference on Alzheimer Disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2000; 14(3): 137–40PubMedCrossRef
48.
Pinholt EM, Kroenke K, Hanley JF, et al. Functional assessment of the elderly: a comparison study of standard instruments with clinical judgement. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 484–8PubMedCrossRef
49.
Spector WD. Measuring functioning in daily activities for persons with dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1997; 11 Suppl. 6: 81–90
50.
Fried IP, Bandeen-Roche K, Williamson JD, et al. Functional decline in older adults: expanding methods of ascertainment. J Gerontol Med Sci 1996; 57A: M206–14CrossRef
51.
Katz S, Downs TD, Cash HR, et al. Progress in development of the index of ADL. Gerontologist 1970; 10: 20–30PubMedCrossRef
52.
Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, et al. The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA 1963; 185: 914–9PubMedCrossRef
53.
Katz S, Ford A, Moskowitz R, et al. Katz index of activities of daily living. In: Handbook of psychiatric measures. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000: 130–1
54.
Tappen RM. Development of the Refined ADL assessment scale for patients with Alzheimer’s and related disorders. J Gerontol Nurs 1994; 20(6): 36–42PubMed
55.
Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily. Gerontologist 1969; 9: 179–86PubMedCrossRef
56.
Hokoishi K, Ikeda M, Maki N, et al. Interrater reliability of the physical self-maintenance scale and instrumental activities of daily living scale in a variety of health professional representatives. Aging Ment Health 2001; 5(1): 38–40PubMedCrossRef
57.
Lawton MP, Brody EM. Lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale (Lawton IADL): handbook of psychiatric measures. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2000: 131–3
58.
Pfeffer RI, Kurosaki TT, Harrah CH, et al. Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community. J Gerontol 1982; 37: 323–9PubMedCrossRef
59.
Pfeffer RI. A social function measure in the staging and study of dementia. In: Bergener M, Brocklehurst JC, Finkel SI, editors. Aging, health, and healing. New York: Springer, 1995: 618
60.
Karagiozis H, Gray S, Sacco J, et al. The direct assessment of functional abilities (DAFA): a comparison to an indirect measure of instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 1998; 38(1): 113–21PubMedCrossRef
61.
Spector WD, Fleishman JA. Combining activities of daily living with instrumental activities of daily living to measure functional disability. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1998 Jan; 53(1): S46–57PubMedCrossRef
62.
Suurmeijer TP, Doeglas DM, Moum T, et al. The Groningen activity restriction scale for measuring disability: its utility in international comparisons. Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 1270–3PubMedCrossRef
63.
Loewenstein DA, Amigo E, Duara R, et al. A new scale for the assessment of functional status in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. J Gerontol 1989; 44: M114–21CrossRef
64.
Mahurin RK, DeBettignies BH, Pirozzolo FJ. Structured assessment of independent living skills: preliminary report of a performance measure of functional abilities in dementia. J Gerontol 1991; 46: P58–66PubMedCrossRef
65.
Kuriansky J, Gurland B. The performance test of activities of daily living. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1976; 7: 178–81
66.
Dejong R, Osterlund OW, Roy GW. Measurement of quality-of-life changes in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Ther 1989; 11: 545–54PubMed
67.
Demers L, Oremus M, Perrault A, et al. Review of outcome measurement instruments in Alzheimer’s disease drug trials: psychometric properties of functional and quality of life scales. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13(4): 170–80PubMedCrossRef
68.
Teunisse S, Derix MMA, van Crevel H. Assessing the severity of dementia: patient and caregiver. Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 274–7PubMedCrossRef
69.
Gelinas I, Gauthier L, McIntyre M. Development of a functional measure for persons with Alzheimer’s disease: the disability assessment for dementia. Am J Occup Ther 1999; 53: 471–81PubMedCrossRef
70.
Feldman H, Sauter A, Donald A, et al. The disability assessment for dementia scale: a 12-month study of functional ability in mild to moderate severity Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2001; 15: 89–95PubMedCrossRef
71.
Erzigkeit H, Lehfeld H, Pena-Casanova J, et al. The Bayer-activities of daily living scale (B-ADL): results from a validation study in three European countries. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2001; 12: 348–58PubMedCrossRef
72.
Hindmarch I, Lehfeld H, de Jongh P, et al. The Bayer activities of daily living scale (B-ADL). Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1998; 9 Suppl. 2: 20–6CrossRef
73.
Bucks RS, Ashworth DI, Wilcock GK, et al. Assessment of activities of daily living in dementia: development of the Bristol Activities of Daily Living scales. Age Ageing 1996; 25: 113–20PubMedCrossRef
74.
Byrne LM, Wilson PM, Bucks RS, et al. The sensitivity to change over time of the Bristol activities of daily living scale in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15(7): 656–61PubMedCrossRef
75.
Patterson MB, Mack JL. The Cleveland scale of activities of daily living (CSADL): its reliability and validity. J Clin Geropsychol 2001; 7(1): 15–28CrossRef
76.
Galasko D, Bennett D, Sano M, et al. An inventory to assess activities of daily living for clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease. The Alzheimer’s Disease Co-Operative Study. Alzheimers Dis Assoc Disord 1997; 11Suppl. 2: S33–9CrossRef
77.
Galasko DR, Schmitt FA, Jin S, et al. Detailed assessment of cognition and activities of daily living in moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease [abstract]. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21Suppl. 1: S168CrossRef
78.
Stern Y, Albert SM, Sano M, et al. Assessing patient dependence in Alzheimer’s disease. J Gerontol 1994; 49: M216–22PubMedCrossRef
79.
Brickman AM, Riba A, Bell K, et al. Longitudinal assessment of patient dependence in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 1304–8PubMedCrossRef
80.
Reisberg B, Finkel S, Overall J, et al. The Alzheimer’s disease activities of daily living international scale (ADL-IS). Int Psychogeriatr 2001; 13(2): 163–81PubMedCrossRef
81.
Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1968; 114: 797–811PubMedCrossRef
82.
Knopman DS, Knapp MJ, Gracon SI, et al. The clinician interview based impression (CIBI): a clinician’s global change rating scale in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1994; 44: 2315–21PubMedCrossRef
83.
Schneider LS, Olin JT. Clinical global impressions in Alzheimer’s clinical trials. Int Psychogeriatr 1996; 8: 277–90PubMedCrossRef
84.
Schwartz GE. Development and validation of the geriatric evaluation by relative’s rating instrument (GERRI). Psychol Rep 1983; 53: 479–88PubMedCrossRef
85.
Brane G, Gottfries CG, Winblad B. The Gottfries-Brane-Steen scale: validity, reliability and application in anti-dementia drug trials. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2001; 12(1): 1–14PubMedCrossRef
86.
Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, et al. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 140: 566–72PubMedCrossRef
87.
Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, et al. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1136–9PubMed
88.
Reisberg B. Functional assessment staging in Alzheimer’s disease: reliability, validity, and ordinality. Int Psychogeriatr 1992; 4 Suppl. 1: 55–9
89.
Hamilton AW, Limacre JM, Wright BD, et al. Relationship between impairment and physical disability as measured by the functional independence measure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74: 566–73PubMedCrossRef
90.
Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel index. Md State Med J 1965; 14: 61–5PubMed
91.
Swash M, Brooks DN, Day NE, et al. Clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 178–81PubMedCrossRef
92.
Poon LW. On the paradox of improving sensitivity of ADL scales for the detection of behavioral changes in early dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 1994; 6: 171–7PubMedCrossRef
93.
Rubenstein LZ, Schairer C, Wieland GD, et al. Systematic biases in functional status assessment of elderly adults: effects of different data sources. J Gerontol 1984; 39(6): 686–91PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zimmerman SI, Magaziner J. Methodological issues in measuring the functional status of cognitively impaired nursing home residents: the use of proxies and performance based measures. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1994; 8Suppl. 1: S281–90PubMed
95.
Beck CK, Frank LB. Assessing functioning and self-care abilities in Alzheimer disease research. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1997; 11 Suppl. 6: 73–80
96.
Rozzini R, Frisoni GB, Bianchetti A, et al. Physical performance test and activities of daily living scales in the assessment of health status in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 1109–13PubMed
97.
Nygard L, Bernspang B, Fisher AG, et al. Comparing motor and process ability of persons with suspected dementia in home and clinic settings. Am J Occup Ther 1994; 48: 689–96PubMedCrossRef
98.
Cotter EM, Burgio LD, Stevens AB, et al. Correspondence of the functional independence measure (FIM) self-care subscale with real-time observations of dementia patients’ ADL performance in the home. Clin Rehabil 2002; 16: 36–45PubMedCrossRef
99.
Spector WD. Measuring functional and self-care abilities [abstract]. Conference on Defining and Measuring Outomes in Alzheimer’s Research; 1996 Sep 11–12; Washington, DC
100.
Magaziner J. The use of proxy respondents in health surveys of the aged. In: Wallace RB, Wodson RF, editors. The epidemiologic study of the elderly. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991: 120–8
101.
Feinstein A, Josephy BR, Wells CK. Scientific and clinical problems in indexes of functional disability. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 413–20PubMed
102.
Qizilbash N, Whitehead A, Higgins J, et al. Cholinesterase inhibition for Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis of the tacrine trials. Dementia Trialists’ Collaboration. JAMA 1998; 280(20): 1777–82
103.
Tariot PN, Cummings JL, Katz IR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease in the nursing home setting. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49(12): 1590–9PubMedCrossRef
104.
Burns A, Rossor M, Hecker J, et al. The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer’s disease: results from a multinational trial. Dementia Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999; 10: 237–44CrossRef
105.
Rogers SL, Friedhoff LT. The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: results of a US multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Donepezil Study Group. Dementia 1996; 7: 293–303
106.
Winblad B, Engedal K, Soininen H, et al. A 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD. Neurology 2001; 57: 489–95PubMedCrossRef
107.
AD2000 Collaborative Group. Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD2000): randomized double-blind trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 2105–15CrossRef
108.
Schneider LS, Anand R, Farlow MR. Systematic review of the efficacy of rivastigmine for patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychopharmacol 1998; 1Suppl. 1: S26–34
109.
Wilcock GA, Lilienfeld S, Gaeus E. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: multicentre randomized controlled trial. Galantamine International-1 Study Group. BMJ 2000; 321: 1–7
110.
Tariot PN, Solomon PR, Morris JC, et al. A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD. Galantamine USA-10 Study Group. Neurology 2000; 54: 2268–76
111.
Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Wessel T, et al. Galantamine in AD: a 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension. Galantamine USA-1 Study Group. Neurology 2000; 54: 2261–8
112.
Wilkinson D, Murray JR. Galantamine: a randomized, double-blind, dose-finding trial in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16(9): 852–7PubMedCrossRef
113.
Farlow MR, Cyrus PA. Metrifonate therapy in Alzheimer’s disease: a pooled analysis of four randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2000; 11(4): 202–11PubMedCrossRef
114.
Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, et al. Efficacy of donepezil on maintenance of activities of daily living in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease and the effect on caregiver burden. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51: 737–44PubMedCrossRef
115.
Feldman H, Gauthier S, Hecker J, et al. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 2001; 57: 613–20PubMedCrossRef
116.
Reisberg B, Doody R, Stoffler A, et al. Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1333–41PubMedCrossRef
117.
Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, et al. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 317–24PubMedCrossRef
118.
Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S, et al. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomized trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1283–90PubMedCrossRef
119.
Kumar V, Anand R, Messina J, et al. An efficacy and safety analysis of Exelon in Alzheimer’s disease patients with concurrent vascular risk factors. Eur J Neurol 2000; 7: 159–69PubMedCrossRef
120.
Doody RS, Stevens JC, Beck C, et al. Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review). Neurology 2001; 56: 1154–66PubMedCrossRef
121.
Farlow M, Gracon SI, Hershey LA, et al. A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of tacrine in patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease. JAMA 1992; 268: 2523–9PubMedCrossRef
122.
Knapp MJ, Knopman DS, Solomon PR, et al. Controlled trials of high-dose tacrine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. JAMA 1994; 271: 985–91PubMedCrossRef
123.
Rosler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: international randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1999; 318: 633–9PubMedCrossRef
124.
Corey-Bloom J, Anand R, Veach J, et al. A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 (rivastigmine tartrate), a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychopharmacol 1998; 1: 55–65
125.
Schneider LS. AD2000: donepezil in Alzheimer’s disease [comment]. Lancet. 2004; 363: 2100–1PubMedCrossRef
126.
Trinh N, Hoblyn J, Mohanty S, et al. Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neurospychiatric symptoms and functional impairment in Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2003; 289: 210–6PubMedCrossRef
127.
Callahan CM, Hendrie HC, Tierney WM. Documentation and evaluation of cognitive impairment in elderly primary care patients. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 422–9PubMed
128.
Sternberg SA, Wolfson C, Baumgarten M. Undetected dementia in community-dwelling older people: the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48(11): 1430–4PubMed
129.
Boise L, Camicoli R, Morgan DL, et al. Diagnosing dementia: perspectives of primary care physicians. Gerontologist 1999; 39: 457–64PubMedCrossRef
130.
Cummings JL. Use of cholinesterase inhibitors in clinical practice: evidence-based recommendations. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 11: 131–45PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Dementia
Clinical Relevance, Methods of Assessment and Effects of Treatment
verfasst von
Dr Abhilash K. Desai
George T. Grossberg
Dharmesh N. Sheth
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2004
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
CNS Drugs / Ausgabe 13/2004
Print ISSN: 1172-7047
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1934
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200418130-00003

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 13/2004

CNS Drugs 13/2004 Zur Ausgabe

Therapy in Practice

Starting Clozapine in the Community

Review Article

Impact of Atypical Antipsychotics on Quality of Life in Patients with Schizophrenia

Review Article

Cannabis-Associated Psychosis

Leading Article

Combination Therapy in Alzheimer’s Disease

Original Research Article

A Comparison of the Direct Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Associated Adverse Drug Reactions

Adis Drug Evaluation

Amisulpride

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Sozialer Aufstieg verringert Demenzgefahr

24.05.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Hirnblutung unter DOAK und VKA ähnlich bedrohlich

17.05.2024 Direkte orale Antikoagulanzien Nachrichten

Kommt es zu einer nichttraumatischen Hirnblutung, spielt es keine große Rolle, ob die Betroffenen zuvor direkt wirksame orale Antikoagulanzien oder Marcumar bekommen haben: Die Prognose ist ähnlich schlecht.

Was nützt die Kraniektomie bei schwerer tiefer Hirnblutung?

17.05.2024 Hirnblutung Nachrichten

Eine Studie zum Nutzen der druckentlastenden Kraniektomie nach schwerer tiefer supratentorieller Hirnblutung deutet einen Nutzen der Operation an. Für überlebende Patienten ist das dennoch nur eine bedingt gute Nachricht.

Thrombektomie auch bei großen Infarkten von Vorteil

16.05.2024 Ischämischer Schlaganfall Nachrichten

Auch ein sehr ausgedehnter ischämischer Schlaganfall scheint an sich kein Grund zu sein, von einer mechanischen Thrombektomie abzusehen. Dafür spricht die LASTE-Studie, an der Patienten und Patientinnen mit einem ASPECTS von maximal 5 beteiligt waren.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise