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01.06.2005 | Review Article

Neuroprotective and Abstinence-Promoting Effects of Acamprosate

Elucidating the Mechanism of Action

verfasst von: Professor Philippe De Witte, John Littleton, Philippe Parot, George Koob

Erschienen in: CNS Drugs | Ausgabe 6/2005

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Abstract

Acamprosate is an abstinence-promoting drug widely used in the treatment of alcohol dependence but which has a mechanism of action that has remained obscure for many years. Recently, evidence has emerged that this drug may interact with excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission in general and as an antagonist of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) in particular. These findings provide, for the first time, a satisfactory, unifying hypothesis that can bring together and explain the diverse neurochemical effects of acamprosate. Glutamic acid is involved in several aspects of alcohol dependence and withdrawal, many of which can be modified by acamprosate. For example, during chronic exposure to alcohol, the glutamatergic system becomes upregulated, leaving the brain exposed to excessive glutamatergic activity when alcohol is abruptly withdrawn. The surge in glutamic acid release that occurs following alcohol withdrawal can be attenuated by acamprosate. The elevated extracellular levels of glutamic acid observed in withdrawal, together with supersensitivity of NMDA receptors, may expose vulnerable neurons to excitotoxicity, possibly contributing to the neuronal loss sometimes observed in chronic alcohol dependence. In vitro studies suggest that the excitotoxicity produced by ethanol can effectively be blocked by acamprosate. Moreover, glutamatergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the acquisition of cue-elicited drinking behaviours, which again can be modulated by acamprosate. In conclusion, the glutamatergic hypothesis of the mechanism of action of acamprosate helps explain many of its effects in human alcohol dependence and points the way to potential new activities, such as neuroprotection, that merit exploration in the clinic.

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Titel: Neuroprotective and Abstinence-Promoting Effects of Acamprosate
Elucidating the Mechanism of Action
verfasst von: Professor Philippe De Witte
John Littleton
Philippe Parot
George Koob
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2005
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: CNS Drugs / Ausgabe 6/2005
Print ISSN: 1172-7047
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1934
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200519060-00004

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