Measurements of Bone Mineral Density of the Radius in a Medieval Population

The current morbidity in the elderly as a result of osteoporotic fractures has led to interest in the incidence of this condition in past populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technique of scanning of the distal radius with DXA in archaeological bone. The radius is often better preserved in archaeological contexts than bone with higher trabecular content such as the femoral neck or vertebrae. Adult radii (101) from the deserted medieval village site of Wharram Percy were scanned. These skeletal remains represent an homogenous rural population. The scanned individuals were divided into 3 age groups; 18–29, 30–49, and 50+. In both males and females bone loss was statistically significant in the highly trabecular ultra-distal region and the more cortical mid-region after age 50. Only females lost bone in the largely cortical one-third site before age 50. This is in accordance with modern clinical studies in which this loss is attributed to the effects of menopause. In order to assess whether there were differences in bone loss between weight and non-weight-bearing bones, the results were also compared with those from an earlier study of the femoral neck. In both sexes trabecular bone was lost at both anatomical sites after age 50. However, scanning the radius also had the advantage of assessing cortical bone loss. Additionally, despite demonstrable bone loss, there were no Colles or hip fractures in this paleopopulation, suggesting that although an active lifestyle such as that spent in agricultural activity, does not prevent bone loss, it may protect against osteoporotic fracture.