Introduction
Material and methods
Study population
Study design
Assessment procedures
Personal and family history
Bio-functional status (BFS) and bio-functional age (BFA)
Bio-functional status (BFS) item | N | Mean | SD | 5th–95th percentile | Min - Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical parameters | |||||
Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 612 | 118.9 | 13.8 | 99.0–144.0 | 82.0–169.0 |
Diastolic blood pressure [mmHg] | 612 | 74.4 | 10.6 | 58.7–93.0 | 47.0–107.0 |
Resting heart rate (p0) [n/min] | 607 | 68.3 | 10.4 | 52.4–86.0 | 42.0–107.0 |
Pulse rate difference (Δp) | 600 | 121.1 | 18.4 | 92.0–152.0 | 68.0–204.0 |
Performance time [sec] | 600 | 24.0 | 6.0 | 16.6–34.4 | 12.1–63.0 |
Pulse performance index (PPI) [Δp/performance time] | 600 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 1.0–4.1 | 0.1–8.3 |
Vital capacity [l] | 592 | 4.2 | 1.2 | 2.5–6.7 | 1.7–7.5 |
Vital capacity, women [%] | 441 | 106.8 | 18.9 | 73.5–136.6 | 43.0–158.7 |
Vital capacity, men [%] | 150 | 110.8 | 18.1 | 78.9–137.1 | 54.5–153.0 |
Hand grip strength, left [KP] | 598 | 33.2 | 18.0 | 9.0–70.0 | 1.0–70.0 |
Hand grip strength, right [KP] | 602 | 38.4 | 18.1 | 14.0–70.0 | 1.0–90.0 |
Hand grip strength, both sides [KP] | 600 | 71.5 | 35.1 | 22.0–140.0 | 2.0–140.0 |
Body cell mass (%) | 587 | 40.8 | 4.6 | 32.9–48.1 | 28.1–55.0 |
Body cell mass – active cell mass [kg] | 587 | 27.6 | 5.0 | 22.0–37.7 | 19.5–48.5 |
Body cell mass – body water [kg] | 587 | 35.1 | 6.4 | 28.0–47.9 | 24.8–61.8 |
Body cell mass – lean body mass [kg] | 587 | 47.9 | 8.7 | 38.2–65.4 | 33.8–84.5 |
Fat mass (%) | 587 | 29.3 | 8.0 | 16.4–42.9 | 4.8–51.4 |
Fat mass [kg] | 587 | 20.5 | 8.4 | 10.3–36.1 | 1.9–56.5 |
BIA RC 50 (Ohm) | 587 | 608.7 | 85.8 | 465.0–744.0 | 368.0–869.0 |
BIA XC 50 (Ohm) | 587 | 63.2 | 10.8 | 47.0–80.0 | 30.0–116.0 |
Teeth status - decayed, missing or filled teeth (n) | 616 | 9.9 | 8.1 | 0.0–28.0 | 0.0–32.0 |
Body weight (kg) | 617 | 68.3 | 13.1 | 51.0–94.0 | 36.0–120.0 |
Body height (cm) | 617 | 169.8 | 8.7 | 157.0–185.0 | 150.0–195.0 |
Body mass index [kg/m2] | 617 | 23.7 | 4.0 | 18.7–31.2 | 12.3–47.0 |
Sensory physiology and psychomotor parameters | |||||
Vision left [%] | 368 | 81.2 | 30.1 | 10.0–100.0 | 0.0–100.0 |
Vision right [%] | 367 | 81.0 | 29.2 | 12.0–100.0 | 0.0–100.0 |
Hearing acuity -HV1024 left (Db) | 551 | 16.0 | 8.7 | 5.0–30.4 | 0.0–100.0 |
Hearing acuity -HV1024 left (%) | 551 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 0.0–5.40 | 0.0–30.0 |
Hearing acuity -HV1024 right (Db) | 551 | 17.5 | 8.6 | 7.0–30.0 | 0.0–77.0 |
Hearing acuity -HV1024 right (%) | 551 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 0.0–5.4 | 0.0–27.2 |
Hearing acuity -HV2048 left (Db) | 548 | 17.0 | 9.9 | 5.0–36.0 | 0.0–100.0 |
Hearing loss left 2048 Hz [%] | 548 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 0.2–9.8 | 0.0–40.0 |
Hearing acuity -HV2048 right (Db) | 549 | 18.3 | 10.1 | 6.0–37.5 | 0.0–88.0 |
Hearing loss right 2048 Hz [%] | 549 | 3.2 | 4.5 | 0.2–11.4 | 0.0–39.2 |
Hearing acuity -HV4096 left (Db) | 548 | 18.0 | 13.6 | 3.0–44.0 | 0.0–100.0 |
Hearing loss left 4096 Hz [%] | 548 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 0.1–6.4 | 0.0–15.0 |
Hearing acuity -HV4096 right (Db) | 549 | 18.5 | 13.4 | 3.0–45.5 | 0.0–100.0 |
Hearing loss right 4096 Hz [%] | 549 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 0.1–6.4 | 0.0–15.0 |
Hearing acuity -HV512 left (Db) | 551 | 14.9 | 7.5 | 5.0–26.0 | 0.0–100.0 |
Hearing acuity -HV512 left (%) | 551 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 0.2–4.9 | 0.0–40.0 |
Hearing acuity -HV512 right (Db) | 551 | 18.1 | 7.7 | 8.0–30.0 | 0.0–79.0 |
Hearing acuity -HV512 right (%) | 551 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 0.4–7.2 | 0.0–35.8 |
Start rate [Hz] | 608 | 6.6 | 0.9 | 5.2–8.1 | 2.0–9.2 |
Test motivation [Hz] | 608 | 5.9 | 0.7 | 4.9–6.9 | 2.3–8.4 |
Tapping – basic rate, part 3 (Hz) | 608 | 6.1 | 0.7 | 4.8–7.0 | 0.9–8.4 |
Psychomotor endurance [Hz] | 608 | 5.9 | 0.7 | 5.1–7.3 | 0.1–8.2 |
Viseomotor coordination ability (mistakes) [n] | 606 | 13.2 | 7.0 | 3.0–26.0 | 1.0–39.0 |
Viseomotor coordination ability (time) [sec] | 606 | 29.8 | 14.3 | 12.8–57.9 | 6.5–103.2 |
Cognitive and mental parameters | |||||
Optical reaction time [msec] | 613 | 277.3 | 37.4 | 221.7–339.3 | 195.0–460.0 |
Acoustical reaction time [msec] | 614 | 283.4 | 40.7 | 217.0–347.3 | 176.0–475.0 |
Pursuing reaction time [msec] | 615 | 68.4 | 27.7 | 31.0–118.0 | 19.0–210.0 |
Verbal reaction time [sec] | 612 | 10.8 | 1.8 | 8.2–14.0 | 7.2–19.9 |
Cognitive reaction time [sec] | 612 | 12.9 | 2.3 | 9.8–16.8 | 7.9–24.0 |
Cognitive switching capability [sec] | 612 | 22.7 | 7.7 | 14.6–34.6 | 10.4–113.0 |
Ability to concentrate (mistakes) [n] | 611 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 0.0–6.0 | 0.0–14.0 |
Ability to concentrate (time) [sec] | 611 | 121.1 | 37.9 | 72.9–188.7 | 52.1–320.4 |
Orientation capability [n] | 614 | 50.0 | 14.2 | 38.0–71.0 | 30.0–181.0 |
Strategic thinking [sec] | 614 | 153.0 | 67.3 | 87.4–261.0 | 64.3–779.9 |
Memory performance [n] | 614 | 95.2 | 21.0 | 85.0–125.3 | 30.0–313.0 |
Change over capability [sec] | 614 | 1.05 | 0.4 | 0.6–1.6 | 0.5–6.6 |
Emotional-social parameters | |||||
Stress disposition [score] | 464 | 27.3 | 5.3 | 18.0–35.8 | 10.0–40.0 |
Social dominance [score] | 464 | 26.7 | 5.2 | 17.0–35.0 | 9.0–40.0 |
Social power [score] | 464 | 16.1 | 4.8 | 9.0–25.0 | 6.0–35.0 |
Stress exposition [score] | 464 | 30.8 | 5.2 | 22.0–38.8 | 12.0–42.0 |
Physical wellbeing [score] | 615 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 0.0–11.2 | 0.0–24.0 |
Emotional wellbeing [score] | 615 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 0.0–8.0 | 0.0–14.0 |
Complaint questionnaire - physical and emotional wellbeing [score] | 615 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 0.0–17.0 | 0.0–32.0 |
Social activity / leisure [score] | 615 | 52.6 | 13.7 | 31.2–74.5 | 12.0–86.0 |
Social activity / duties [score] | 615 | 90.3 | 11.0 | 70.5–106.3 | 50.0–118.0 |
Sense of coherence [score] | 346 | 51.1 | 7.0 | 37.0–61.0 | 29.0–63.0 |
Age parameters | |||||
Chronological age [years] | 617 | 39.6 | 14.8 | – | 20.0–78.7 |
Bio-functional age (BFA) [years] | 315 | 44.1 | 8.6 | – | 20.1–73.7 |
difference_Age_BFA_Index (chronological – bio-functional age) | 316 | 7.8 | 8.0 | – | −19.4 – 29.6 |
Trier inventory for the assessment of chronic stress (TICS)
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristic of the cohort
Age, lifestyle, social and job status
Personal and family history
Medication
Bio-functional status (BFS) and bio-functional age (BFA)
Chronic stress exposure
TICS subscale | Mean (SD) | 5th–95th percentile | Range | Maximal score possible | T50 (reference cohort) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Screening scale (SSCS) | 13.2 (7.0) | 3–26 | 0–37 | 48 | 13 |
Work overload | 11.7 (5.6) | 2–22 | 0–31 | 32 | 12.5 |
Social overload | 9.1 (4.3) | 2–16 | 0–23 | 24 | 7 |
Pressure to perform | 15.1 (6.0) | 5–25 | 0–33 | 36 | 17 |
Work discontent | 8.7 (4.7) | 2–17 | 0–31 | 32 | 9 |
Excessive demands at work | 5.1 (3.2) | 0–11 | 0–18 | 24 | 4.5 |
Lack of social recognition | 3.9 (2.9) | 0–10 | 0–16 | 16 | 4 |
Social tensions | 4.8 (3.3) | 0–11 | 0–22 | 24 | 5 |
Social isolation | 5.5 (4.1) | 0–13 | 0–24 | 24 | 5 |
Chronic worrying | 4.7 (2.9) | 0–10 | 0–15 | 16 | 14 |
BeCS-14 cohort (n = 620) | Females (n = 456) | Males (n = 164) | |
---|---|---|---|
Below average stress (score ≤ 11) | 43.4% (n = 269) | 42.5% (n = 194) | 45.7% (n = 75) |
Above-average stress (score 12–22) | 45.5% (n = 282) | 45.4% (n = 207) | 45.7% (n = 75) |
Extreme stress (score > 22) | 11.1% (n = 69) | 12.1% (n = 55) | 8.5% (n = 14) |
Correlation between bio-functional status (BFS) and chronic stress exposure (TICS-SSCS)
Rank | BFS parameter | Correlation to TICS-SSCS | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | SOC_L9: Sense of Coherence | Pearson-Correlation | −0.53 |
Sig. (2-sided) | < 0.001 | ||
N | 344 | ||
2 | Complaint questionnaire: emotional wellbeing | Pearson-Correlation | 0.48 |
Sig. (2-sided) | < 0.001 | ||
N | 611 | ||
3 | Complaint questionnaire: physical and emotional wellbeing | Pearson-Correlation | 0.43 |
Sig. (2-sided) | < 0.001 | ||
N | 611 | ||
4 | Complaint questionnaire: physical wellbeing | Pearson-Correlation | 0.29 |
Sig. (2-sided) | < 0.001 | ||
N | 611 | ||
5 | Giessen-Test: social resonance | Pearson-Correlation | −0.25 |
Sig. (2-sided) | < 0.001 | ||
N | 460 | ||
6 | difference between chronological and bio-functional age (diff_Age_BFA_Index) | Pearson-Correlation | −0.24 |
Sig. (2-sided) | < 0.001 | ||
N | 314 | ||
7 | Bio-functional age (BFA) | Pearson-Correlation | 0.16 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.004 | ||
N | 313 | ||
8 | Giessen-Test: social potency | Pearson-Correlation | 0.14 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.002 | ||
N | 460 | ||
9 | Hand grip strength, left [KP] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.13 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.002 | ||
N | 594 | ||
10 | Body cell mass – active cell mass [kg] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.13 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.002 | ||
N | 583 | ||
11 | Body cell mass – body water [kg] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.13 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.002 | ||
N | 583 | ||
12 | Body cell mass – lean body mass [kg] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.13 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.002 | ||
N | 583 | ||
13 | Body height [cm] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.12 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.002 | ||
N | 613 | ||
14 | Giessen-Test: social dominance | Pearson-Correlation | −0.11 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.015 | ||
N | 460 | ||
15 | Performance time for 20 squats [sec] | Pearson-Correlation | 0.11 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.006 | ||
N | 596 | ||
16 | Hand grip strength, both hands [KP] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.11 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.006 | ||
N | 596 | ||
17 | Body composition measurement -BIA RC 50 [Ohm] | Pearson-Correlation | 0.10 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.014 | ||
N | 583 | ||
18 | Systolic blood pressure [mmHg] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.09 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.022 | ||
N | 608 | ||
19 | Hand grip strength, right [KP] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.09 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.028 | ||
N | 598 | ||
20 | Tapping - basic rate [Hz] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.09 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.035 | ||
N | 604 | ||
21 | Vital capacity [ccm/ml] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.09 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.038 | ||
N | 588 | ||
22 | Body weight [kg] | Pearson-Correlation | −0.09 |
Sig. (2-sided) | 0.036 | ||
N | 613 |
Sum score
6 = good | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 = bad | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOCL_9 [score] | > 60 | 56–60 | 51–55 | 46–50 | 41–45 | < 41 |
Complaint questionnaire: emotional wellbeing [score] | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | > 4 |
Complaint questionnaire: physical wellbeing [score] | 0 | 1–2 | 3–4 | 5–6 | 7–8 | > 8 |
Social resonance [score] | > 37 | 35–37 | 32–34 | 29–31 | 26–28 | < 26 |
Social potency [score] | < 11 | 11–14 | 15–18 | 19–22 | 23–26 | > 26 |
Social dominance [score] | > 32 | 30–32 | 27–29 | 24–26 | 21–23 | < 21 |
Hand grip strength, left [kp] | > 52 | 45–52 | 37–44 | 29–36 | 21–28 | < 21 |
Hand grip strength, right [kp] | > 52 | 45–52 | 37–44 | 29–36 | 21–28 | < 21 |
Performance time [sec] | > 32 | 29–28 | 25–28 | 21–24 | 17–20 | < 17 |
Tapping – basic rate [Hz] | > 7.0 | 6.6–7.0 | 6.1–6.5 | 5.6–6.0 | 5.1–5.5 | < 5.1 |
TICS-SSCS | |
---|---|
SOC_L9 (classified) | |
Pearson-Correlation | −.542** |
Sig. (2-sided) | .000 |
N | 344 |
BFB part II (classified) | |
Pearson-Correlation | −.484** |
Sig. (2-sided) | .000 |
N | 611 |
BFB part I (classified) | |
Pearson-Correlation | −.320** |
Sig. (2-sided) | .000 |
N | 611 |
Social resonance (classified) | |
Pearson-Correlation | −.238** |
Sig. (2-sided) | .000 |
N | 460 |
Social potency (classified) | |
Pearson-Correlation | −.173** |
Sig. (2-sided) | .000 |
N | 460 |
Social dominance (classified) | |
Pearson-Correlation | −.106* |
Sig. (2-sided) | .023 |
N | 460 |
Hand grip strenght, left (classified)
| |
Pearson-Correlation | −.126** |
Sig. (2-sided) | .002 |
N | 594 |
Hand grip strenght,right (classified)
| |
Pearson-Correlation | −.097* |
Sig. (2-sided) | .018 |
N | 598 |
Performance time (classified)
| |
Pearson-Correlation | −.104* |
Sig. (2-sided) | .011 |
N | 596 |
Tapping – basic rate (classified)
| |
Pearson-correlation | −.095* |
Sig. (2-sided) | .019 |
N | 604 |