nach oben

Brain Structure and Function

Erschienen in:

26.10.2018 | Original Article

Medium spiny neurons of the anterior dorsomedial striatum mediate reversal learning in a cell-type-dependent manner

verfasst von: Xingyue Wang, Yanhua Qiao, Zhonghua Dai, Nan Sui, Fang Shen, Jianjun Zhang, Jing Liang

Erschienen in: Brain Structure and Function | Ausgabe 1/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The striatum has been implicated in the regulation of cognitive flexibility. Abnormalities in the anterior dorsomedial striatum (aDMS) are revealed in many mental disorders in which cognitive inflexibility is commonly observed. However, it remains poorly understood whether the aDMS plays a special role in flexible cognitive control and what the regulation pattern is in different neuronal populations. Based on the reversal learning task in mice, we showed that optogenetic activation in dopamine receptor 1-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1R-MSNs) of the aDMS impaired flexibility; meanwhile, suppressing these neurons facilitated behavioral performance. Conversely, D2R-MSN activation accelerated reversal learning, but it induced no change through neuronal suppression. The acquisition and retention of discrimination learning were unaffected by the manipulation of any type of MSN. Through bi-direct optogenetic modulation in D1R-MSNs of the same subject in a serial reversal learning task, we further revealed the function of D1R-MSNs during different stages of reversal learning, where inhibiting and exciting the same group of neurons reduced perseverative errors and increased regressive errors. Following D1R- and D2R-MSN activation in the aDMS, neuronal activity of the mediodorsal thalamus decreased and increased, respectively, in parallel with behavioral impairment and facilitation, but not as a direct result of the activation of the striatal MSNs. We propose that D1R- and D2R-MSN sub-populations in the aDMS exert opposing functions in cognitive flexibility regulation, with more important and complex roles of D1R-MSNs involved. Mental disorders with cognitive flexibility problems may feature an underlying functional imbalance in the aDMS’ two types of neurons.

Agnoli L, Mainolfi P, Invernizzi RW, Carli M (2013) Dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptors in the dorsal striatum control different aspects of attentional performance in the five-choice serial reaction time task under a condition of increased activity of corticostriatal inputs. Neuropsychopharmacology 38(5):701–714. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.236 CrossRefPubMed

Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB (1989) The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci 12(10):366–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(89)90074-X CrossRefPubMed

Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL (1986) Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 9:357–381. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041 CrossRefPubMed

Berendse HW, Galis-de Graaf Y, Groenewegen HJ (1992) Topographical organization and relationship with ventral striatal compartments of prefrontal corticostriatal projections in the rat. J Comp Neurol 316(3):314–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903160305 CrossRefPubMed

Bestmann S, Ruge D, Rothwell J, Galea JM (2015) The role of dopamine in motor flexibility. J Cogn Neurosci 27(2):365–376. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00706 CrossRefPubMed

Boulougouris V, Dalley JW, Robbins TW (2007) Effects of orbitofrontal, infralimbic and prelimbic cortical lesions on serial spatial reversal learning in the rat. Behav Brain Res 179(2):219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2007.02.005 CrossRefPubMed

Boulougouris V, Castane A, Robbins TW (2009) Dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole impairs spatial reversal learning in rats: investigation of D3 receptor involvement in persistent behavior. Psychopharmacology 202(4):611–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-008-1341-2 CrossRefPubMed

Bussey TJ, Muir JL, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW (1997) Triple dissociation of anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and medial frontal cortices on visual discrimination tasks using a touchscreen testing procedure for the rat. Behav Neurosci 111(5):920–936. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.111.5.920 CrossRefPubMed

Calaminus C, Hauber W (2007) Intact discrimination reversal learning but slowed responding to reward-predictive cues after dopamine D1 and D2 receptor blockade in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Psychopharmacology 191(3):551–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0532-y CrossRefPubMed

Charntikov S, Pittenger ST, Swalve N, Li M, Bevins RA (2017) Double dissociation of the anterior and posterior dorsomedial caudate-putamen in the acquisition and expression of associative learning with the nicotine stimulus. Neuropharmacology 121:111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.026 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cheng Y, Huang CCY, Ma T, Wei X, Wang X, Lu J, Wang J (2017) Distinct synaptic strengthening of the striatal direct and indirect pathways drives alcohol consumption. Biol Psychiatry 81(11):918–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.016 CrossRefPubMed

Chudasama Y, Bussey TJ, Muir JL (2001) Effects of selective thalamic and prelimbic cortex lesions on two types of visual discrimination and reversal learning. Eur J Neurosci 14(6):1009–1020. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01607.x CrossRefPubMed

Chuhma N, Tanaka KF, Hen R, Rayport S (2011) Functional connectome of the striatal medium spiny neuron. J Neurosci 31(4):1183–1192. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3833-10.2011 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Clarke HF, Robbins TW, Roberts AC (2008) Lesions of the medial striatum in monkeys produce perseverative impairments during reversal learning similar to those produced by lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex. J Neurosci 28(43):10972–10982. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1521-08.2008 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cools R, Barker RA, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (2001) Enhanced or impaired cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease as a function of dopaminergic medication and task demands. Cereb Cortex 11(12):1136–1143. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/11.12.1136 CrossRefPubMed

Cools R, Barker RA, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (2003) L-Dopa medication remediates cognitive inflexibility, but increases impulsivity in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychologia 41(11):1431–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00117-9 CrossRefPubMed

Cools R, Lewis SJ, Clark L, Barker RA, Robbins TW (2007a) L-DOPA disrupts activity in the nucleus accumbens during reversal learning in Parkinson’s disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 32(1):180–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301153 CrossRefPubMed

Cools R, Sheridan M, Jacobs E, D’Esposito M (2007b) Impulsive personality predicts dopamine-dependent changes in frontostriatal activity during component processes of working memory. J Neurosci 27(20):5506–5514. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0601-07.2007 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

D’Cruz AM, Mosconi MW, Ragozzino ME, Cook EH, Sweeney JA (2016) Alterations in the functional neural circuitry supporting flexible choice behavior in autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 6(10):e916. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.161 doiCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Darvas M, Henschen CW, Palmiter RD (2014) Contributions of signaling by dopamine neurons in dorsal striatum to cognitive behaviors corresponding to those observed in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 65:112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2014.01.017 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Daum I, Schugens MM, Channon S, Polkey CE, Gray JA (1991) T-maze discrimination and reversal learning after unilateral temporal or frontal lobe lesions in man. Cortex 27(4):613–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80010-X CrossRefPubMed

Deisseroth K (2015) Optogenetics: 10 years of microbial opsins in neuroscience. Nat Neurosci 18(9):1213–1225. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4091 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dickson PE, Rogers TD, Del Mar N, Martin LA, Heck D, Blaha CD, Goldowitz D, Mittleman G (2010) Behavioral flexibility in a mouse model of developmental cerebellar Purkinje cell loss. Neurobiol Learn Mem 94(2):220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2010.05.010 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dickson PE, Corkill B, McKimm E, Miller MM, Calton MA, Goldowitz D, Blaha CD, Mittleman G (2013) Effects of stimulus salience on touchscreen serial reversal learning in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Behav Brain Res 252:126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.060 CrossRefPubMed

Durieux PF, Bearzatto B, Guiducci S, Buch T, Waisman A, Zoli M, Schiffmann SN, de Kerchove d’Exaerde A (2009) D2R striatopallidal neurons inhibit both locomotor and drug reward processes. Nat Neurosci 12(4):393–395. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2286 CrossRefPubMed

Fellows LK, Farah MJ (2003) Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans: evidence from a reversal learning paradigm. Brain 126 (Pt 8):1830–1837. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg180

Floresco SB, Zhang Y, Enomoto T (2009) Neural circuits subserving behavioral flexibility and their relevance to schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 204(2):396–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.001 CrossRefPubMed

Fox CA, Rafols JA (1976) The striatal efferents in the globus pallidus and in the substantia nigra. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 55:37–55PubMed

Gage GJ, Stoetzner CR, Wiltschko AB, Berke JD (2010) Selective activation of striatal fast-spiking interneurons during choice execution. Neuron 67(3):466–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.034 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gerfen CR, Engber TM, Mahan LC, Susel Z, Chase TN, Monsma FJ Jr, Sibley DR (1990) D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Science 250(4986):1429–1432. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2147780 CrossRefPubMed

Ghahremani DG, Monterosso J, Jentsch JD, Bilder RM, Poldrack RA (2010) Neural components underlying behavioral flexibility in human reversal learning. Cereb Cortex 20(8):1843–1852. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp247 CrossRefPubMed

Graybeal C, Feyder M, Schulman E, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Brigman JL, Holmes A (2011) Paradoxical reversal learning enhancement by stress or prefrontal cortical damage: rescue with BDNF. Nat Neurosci 14(12):1507–1509. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2954 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Grillner S, Robertson B (2016) The basal ganglia over 500 million years. Curr Biol 26(20):R1088–Rr1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.041 CrossRefPubMed

Haluk DM, Floresco SB (2009) Ventral striatal dopamine modulation of different forms of behavioral flexibility. Neuropsychopharmacology 34(8):2041–2052. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.21 CrossRefPubMed

Heien ML, Wightman RM (2006) Phasic dopamine signaling during behavior, reward, and disease states. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 5(1):99–108. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152706784111605 CrossRefPubMed

Hikida T, Kimura K, Wada N, Funabiki K, Nakanishi S (2010) Distinct roles of synaptic transmission in direct and indirect striatal pathways to reward and aversive behavior. Neuron 66(6):896–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.05.011 CrossRefPubMed

Hollerman JR, Tremblay L, Schultz W (1998) Influence of reward expectation on behavior-related neuronal activity in primate striatum. J Neurophysiol 80(2):947–963. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.2.947 CrossRefPubMed

Ito R, Dalley JW, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (2002) Dopamine release in the dorsal striatum during cocaine-seeking behavior under the control of a drug-associated cue. J Neurosci 22(14):6247–6253. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-14-06247.2002 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kravitz AV, Tye LD, Kreitzer AC (2012) Distinct roles for direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons in reinforcement. Nat Neurosci 15(6):816–818. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3100 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lange H, Thorner G, Hopf A (1976) Morphometric-statistical structure analysis of human striatum, pallidum and nucleus sub-thalamicus. III. Nucleus subthalamicus. J Hirnforsch 17(1):31–41PubMed

Levitt JG, O’Neill J, Blanton RE, Smalley S, Fadale D, McCracken JT, Guthrie D, Toga AW, Alger JR (2003) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of the brain in childhood autism. Biol Psychiatry 54(12):1355–1366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00688-7 CrossRefPubMed

Lindgren N, Usiello A, Goiny M, Haycock J, Erbs E, Greengard P, Hokfelt T, Borrelli E, Fisone G (2003) Distinct roles of dopamine D2L and D2S receptor isoforms in the regulation of protein phosphorylation at presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(7):4305–4309. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0730708100 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lisanby SH, McDonald WM, Massey EW, Doraiswamy PM, Rozear M, Boyko OB, Krishnan KR, Nemeroff C (1993) Diminished subcortical nuclei volumes in Parkinson’s disease by MR imaging. J Neural Transm Suppl 40:13–21PubMed

Madisen L, Mao T, Koch H, Zhuo JM, Berenyi A, Fujisawa S, Hsu YW, Garcia III AJ, Gu X, Zanella S, Kidney J, Gu H, Mao Y, Hooks BM, Boyden ES, Buzsaki G, Ramirez JM, Jones AR, Svoboda K, Han X, Turner EE, Zeng H (2012) A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing. Nat Neurosci 15(5):793–802. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3078 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

McCracken CB, Grace AA (2013) Persistent cocaine-induced reversal learning deficits are associated with altered limbic cortico-striatal local field potential synchronization. J Neurosci 33(44):17469–17482. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1440-13.2013 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

McLean SL, Idris NF, Woolley ML, Neill JC (2009) D(1)-like receptor activation improves PCP-induced cognitive deficits in animal models: implications for mechanisms of improved cognitive function in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 19(6):440–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.01.009 CrossRefPubMed

Mitchell AS (2015) The mediodorsal thalamus as a higher order thalamic relay nucleus important for learning and decision-making. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 54:76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.001 CrossRefPubMed

Moore A, Malinowski P (2009) Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Conscious Cogn 18(1):176–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008 CrossRefPubMed

Morita M, Wang Y, Sasaoka T, Okada K, Niwa M, Sawa A, Hikida T (2016) Dopamine D2L receptor is required for visual discrimination and reversal learning. Mol Neuropsychiatry 2(3):124–132. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447970 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nagai T, Yoshimoto J, Kannon T, Kuroda K, Kaibuchi K (2016) Phosphorylation signals in striatal medium spiny neurons. Trends Pharmacol Sci 37(10):858–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2016.07.003 CrossRefPubMed

Nakanishi S, Hikida T, Yawata S (2014) Distinct dopaminergic control of the direct and indirect pathways in reward-based and avoidance learning behaviors. Neuroscience 282:49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.026 CrossRefPubMed

Orellana G, Slachevsky A (2013) Executive functioning in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 4:35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00035 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Parker NF, Cameron CM, Taliaferro JP, Lee J, Choi JY, Davidson TJ, Daw ND, Witten IB (2016) Reward and choice encoding in terminals of midbrain dopamine neurons depends on striatal target. Nat Neurosci 19(6):845–854. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4287 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Parnaudeau S, Taylor K, Bolkan SS, Ward RD, Balsam PD, Kellendonk C (2015) Mediodorsal thalamus hypofunction impairs flexible goal-directed behavior. Biol Psychiatry 77(5):445–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.020 CrossRefPubMed

Piao C, Liu T, Ma L, Ding X, Wang X, Chen X, Duan Y, Sui N, Liang J (2017) Alterations in brain activation in response to prolonged morphine withdrawal-induced behavioral inflexibility in rats. Psychopharmacology 234(19):2941–2953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0021 CrossRefPubMed

Ragozzino ME (2007) The contribution of the medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and dorsomedial striatum to behavioral flexibility. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1121:355–375. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1401.013 CrossRefPubMed

Rinne JO, Rummukainen J, Paljarvi L, Rinne UK (1989) Dementia in Parkinson’s disease is related to neuronal loss in the medial substantia nigra. Ann Neurol 26(1):47–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410260107 CrossRefPubMed

Robinson S, Sandstrom SM, Denenberg VH, Palmiter RD (2005) Distinguishing whether dopamine regulates liking, wanting, and/or learning about rewards. Behav Neurosci 119(1):5–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.5 CrossRefPubMed

Rolls ET, Thorpe SJ, Maddison SP (1983) Responses of striatal neurons in the behaving monkey. 1. Head of the caudate nucleus. Behav Brain Res 7(2):179–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(83)90191-2 CrossRefPubMed

Ruge H, Wolfensteller U (2016) Distinct contributions of lateral orbito-frontal cortex, striatum, and fronto-parietal network regions for rule encoding and control of memory-based implementation during instructed reversal learning. Neuroimage 125:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.005 CrossRefPubMed

Sahlholm K, Gomez-Soler M, Valle-Leon M, Lopez-Cano M, Taura JJ, Ciruela F, Fernandez-Duenas V (2018) Antipsychotic-like efficacy of dopamine D2 receptor-biased ligands is dependent on adenosine A2A receptor expression. Mol Neurobiol 55(6):4952–4958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1203 CrossRefPubMed

Schiffmann SN, Vanderhaeghen JJ (1993) Adenosine A2 receptors regulate the gene expression of striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons. J Neurosci 13(3):1080–1087. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-03-01080.1993 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schiffmann SN, Fisone G, Moresco R, Cunha RA, Ferre S (2007) Adenosine A2A receptors and basal ganglia physiology. Prog Neurobiol 83(5):277–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.05.001 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schultz W (2001) Reward signaling by dopamine neurons. Neuroscientist 7(4):293–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/107385840100700406 CrossRefPubMed

Soares-Cunha C, Coimbra B, Sousa N, Rodrigues AJ (2016) Reappraising striatal D1- and D2-neurons in reward and aversion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 68:370–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.021 CrossRefPubMed

Surmeier DJ, Ding J, Day M, Wang Z, Shen W (2007) D1 and D2 dopamine-receptor modulation of striatal glutamatergic signaling in striatal medium spiny neurons. Trends Neurosci 30(5):228–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.03.008 CrossRefPubMed

Sweitzer MM, Geier CF, Joel DL, McGurrin P, Denlinger RL, Forbes EE, Donny EC (2014) Dissociated effects of anticipating smoking versus monetary reward in the caudate as a function of smoking abstinence. Biol Psychiatry 76(9):681–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.013 CrossRefPubMed

Tessa C, Lucetti C, Giannelli M, Diciotti S, Poletti M, Danti S, Baldacci F, Vignali C, Bonuccelli U, Mascalchi M, Toschi N (2014) Progression of brain atrophy in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease: a longitudinal tensor-based morphometry study in de novo patients without cognitive impairment. Hum Brain Mapp 35(8):3932–3944. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22449 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Voorn P, Vanderschuren LJ, Groenewegen HJ, Robbins TW, Pennartz CM (2004) Putting a spin on the dorsal-ventral divide of the striatum. Trends Neurosci 27(8):468–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.06.006 CrossRefPubMed

Zhang Y, Cazakoff BN, Thai CA, Howland JG (2012) Prenatal exposure to a viral mimetic alters behavioural flexibility in male, but not female, rats. Neuropharmacology 62(3):1299–1307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.022 CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Medium spiny neurons of the anterior dorsomedial striatum mediate reversal learning in a cell-type-dependent manner
verfasst von: Xingyue Wang
Yanhua Qiao
Zhonghua Dai
Nan Sui
Fang Shen
Jianjun Zhang
Jing Liang
Publikationsdatum: 26.10.2018
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Brain Structure and Function / Ausgabe 1/2019
Print ISSN: 1863-2653
Elektronische ISSN: 1863-2661
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-018-1780-4

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Frühe Alzheimertherapie lohnt sich

25.04.2024 AAN-Jahrestagung 2024 Nachrichten

Ist die Tau-Last noch gering, scheint der Vorteil von Lecanemab besonders groß zu sein. Und beginnen Erkrankte verzögert mit der Behandlung, erreichen sie nicht mehr die kognitive Leistung wie bei einem früheren Start. Darauf deuten neue Analysen der Phase-3-Studie Clarity AD.

Viel Bewegung in der Parkinsonforschung

25.04.2024 Parkinson-Krankheit Nachrichten

Neue arznei- und zellbasierte Ansätze, Frühdiagnose mit Bewegungssensoren, Rückenmarkstimulation gegen Gehblockaden – in der Parkinsonforschung tut sich einiges. Auf dem Deutschen Parkinsonkongress ging es auch viel um technische Innovationen.

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 Demenz Nachrichten

Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2019

Aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons in mice

Layer-specific reduced neuronal density in the orbitofrontal cortex of older adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder

A suprachiasmatic-independent circadian clock(s) in the habenula is affected by Per gene mutations and housing light conditions in mice

Fronto-parietal numerical networks in relation with early numeracy in young children

Topological principles and developmental algorithms might refine diffusion tractography