Introduction
Methods
Literature Search
S. no. | Filter | Query string |
---|---|---|
1 | Age filter | ((Adult) OR (Adolescent*) OR (AYA) OR (Old) OR (Elderly)) |
2 | B-ALL | ((“Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma”[mh]) OR (“Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma”[mh]) OR (“B-ALL”) OR (“B-cell ALL”) OR ((b cell) AND (acute lymph* leukemia))) |
3 | MRD | ("Neoplasm, Residual"[mh] OR "MRD" OR "Measurable residual disease" OR "Minimal residual disease" OR "Minimal/Measurable residual disease") |
4 | R/R | ((relapse*) OR (refractory)) |
5 | Prognosis or risk factors | ((prognosis) OR (risk*)) |
6 | Treatment outcomes | (“Treatment Outcome”[mh] OR “Survival” OR “Disease-Free Survival”[mh] OR “Progression-Free Survival”[mh] OR "Complete Remission") |
7 | Additional filters | ((India) NOT ((case report) OR (news) OR (consensus) OR (review)) AND (y_10[Filter])) |
Data Sources
Study Screening and Data Extraction
Screening Criteria
Results
Summary of Search
References | No. of patients | Study objective | Study-relevant findings |
---|---|---|---|
Journal articles | |||
Bommannan et al. [20] | 14 | Difficulties faced during diagnosis and MRD assessment of de novo CD19-negative and dim B-cell ALL patients | Identifying robust alternatives to CD19 will help in better diagnosis and follow-up |
Ganesan et al. [21] | 1383 | Outcomes in AYA ALL patients | Patients treated with pediatric and adult protocols had no difference in their induction outcomes concerning the achievement of CR, induction mortality, or MRD positivity rate |
Bommannan et al. [22] | 152 | Clinical–pathological profiling of CD56- and CD7-expressing B-cell ALL patients | Patients with high-risk disease and EOI MRD positivity were at higher risk of adverse events |
Das et al. [23] | 239 | Evaluating the expression of CD123 in acute leukemia, comparing it with post-induction morphologic complete remission and MRD status | CD123 may be considered as a cardinal marker for: Residual disease assessment Response evaluation in AML and B-cell ALL |
Jain et al. [24] | 35 | Testing the activity of bortezomib and rituximab with a pediatric-inspired regimen during induction therapy in newly diagnosed adolescents and adults with CD201, Ph-negative precursor B-cell ALL | The combination of bortezomib, rituximab, and a pediatric-inspired ALL regime was well tolerated in the following cases: End-of-induction MRD-negative status was achieved in 70.9% of patients MRD-negative rates improved to 87.5% after consolidation Event-free survival and overall survival rates were 78.8% and 78.7%, respectively |
Jain et al. [25] | 507 | Evaluating if intensifying therapy for high-risk patients yielded improved results | Intensified therapy in the high-risk subset is associated with a significant increase in early treatment-related mortality and cost of treatment A modified GMALL regimen was cost-effective |
Virk et al. [26] | 478 | Prospective study of TSLPR expression in 478 consecutive B-cell ALL patients and its correlation with various hematologic parameters and EOI MRD | TSLPR-positive patients did not show a significantly higher MRD compared to TSLPR-negative cases (37% vs. 33%) |
Pandey et al. [27] | 130 | Evaluation of outcomes (post-induction response rates, MRD, and OS) with modified MCP 841 in pediatric and AYA ALL | MRD-negative patients did better than those with MRD-positive status, 29 vs. 22 months (p = 0.03) |
Rajendra et al. [28] | 349 | Outcomes and prognostic factors in the treatment of AYA ALL with a pediatric-inspired regimen | MRD persistence after induction emerged as the only factor predictive of poor outcomes |
Arunachalam et al. [29] | 94 | Evaluating the prognostic relevance of MRD based on BCR-ABL1 copy numbers in Ph-positive ALL patients | Molecular MRD based on BCR-ABL1 copy number ratio is an ideal prognostic indicator in Ph-positive ALL patients undergoing treatment |
Garg et al. [30] | 75 | Analyzing frequency of CD34 expression in B-cell ALL in Indian patients and determining its prognostic significance | CD34 expression does not associate with known prognostic markers in B-cell ALL CD34 negativity was not associated with adverse prognosis concerning MRD or cytogenetics |
Patkar et al. [31] | 10 | Flow cytometry-based MRD assay for BCP-ALL with emphasis on assay standardization and cost | A cost-effective MRD panel is applicable to over 90% of patients |
Panda et al. [17] | 104 | Flow cytometry-based MRD assay for ALL with emphasis on the determination of the number of patients who had MRD on day 35 of induction therapy and its correlation with the outcome and other prognostic factors | MRD correlates with certain known prognostic factors Though EFS and OS were lower in MRD-positive patients, the results were not statistically significant, probably because of the small sample size |
Chatterjee et al. [32] | 214 | Expression of CD304/neuropilin-1 in adult B-cell ALL patients and evaluation of its practical utility in MFC-based MRD analysis | CD304 is commonly expressed in adult B-cell ALL It distinguishes B-cell ALL blasts from normal precursor B cells A stable MRD marker is distinctly useful in the detection of MFC-based MRD monitoring |
Das et al. [33] | 281 | MRD assessment by MFC, using a combination of Difference from Normal (DFN) and LAIP approach and used of baseline immunophenotype (IPT) for MRD assessment | A single 10-color panel tube with LAIP and DFN approach was found to be a reliable tool for MRD assessment(diagnosis and time points) CD 45,CD19, CD34, CD10, CD20 and CD38 was one panel and CD123, CD81, CD58 and HLA-DR was another panel CD58 was the most frequent LAIPs observed at diagnostic and MRD time points in over 85% of the cases CD123 was found to be relevant in detecting LAIP at both time points in over 50% of the cases Changes in at least one of the nine immunophenotypic markers in B-ALL post- induction was observed in 94.04% cases |
Conference abstracts | |||
Aboobacker et al. [34] | 191 | Role of allo-SCT in the management of both newly diagnosed and relapsed patients with ALL | Allo-SCT is an effective option for high-risk diseases in CR1 and late relapses Limited benefit in patients with active/refractory disease and those with early relapse of disease |
Lakshmy et al. [35] | 37 | Feasibility of using a low-cost, low-intensive regimen of bortezomib + vincristine + prednisolone for salvage therapy after relapse of ALL | The use of bortezomib-based salvage chemotherapy resulted in 35% remission rates in patients with relapsed B-cell ALL with minimal toxicity Can be easily administered on an outpatient basis |
Ozcan et al.[36] | 22 | Evaluating the efficacy and safety of two dose levels of inotuzumab in adults with R/R ALL, eligible for HCT and have a higher risk of post-HCT SOS | A starting dose of 1.2 mg/m2/cycle inotuzumab showed acceptable efficacy, with half of the patients achieving remission, and > 70% of those in remission being MRD negative |
Bhandary et al. [37] | 35 | Expression of LAIP markers at diagnosis in BCP-ALL for optimization of MRD panel | CD9, CD81, CD73, and CD86 were the most relevant markers, which can be included in a single tube MRD panel (CD45, CD19, CD20, CD10, CD34, CD38, CD9, CD81, CD73, and CD86) Cost-efficient and reduces the number of LAIP markers currently used for MRD diagnosis |
Meganathan et al. [38] | 184 | Evaluating the use of a 12-color flow cytometry panel for the diagnosis of acute leukemia with a sequential strategy | A 12-color panel is: Cost-effective Provides more information, which helps in the diagnosis of rare/atypical cases and follow-up MRD assessment |
Vatsala et al.[39] | 54 | Assessing the diagnostic role of flow cytometry in immunophenotyping of adult ALL | MFC-based immunophenotyping enhances the traditional morphological diagnosis Also aids in monitoring the disease during MRD assessment |
Mazumder et al. [40] | 82 | Proposing an optimized 10-color panel for MRD detection based on the LAIP expression at diagnosis | A single 10-color tube comprising CD45, CD19, CD34, CD10, CD20, CD38, CD73, CD86, CD81, and CD44/CD58 for diagnosis as well as for MRD in the post-therapy samples of BCP-ALL |
Dhar et al. [41] | 29 | Evaluating the significance of expression of CD38, CD58, CD49d, and CD66c in ALL | Incorporating prognostic markers such as CD38, CD58, CD49d, and CD66c at the time of diagnosis: Helps provide valuable information on disease progression Aids MRD analysis at a later stage for disease and therapy-response monitoring |
Arunachalam et al. [42] | 403 | The clinical significance of EOI MRD monitoring in B-cell ALL | The 4-tube, 4-color panel has wider applicability than the 2-tube, 8-color panel It demonstrated a positive MRD in a higher percentage of patients The survival worsened for every log increase in the MRD value |