Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Angiogenesis 2/2007

01.06.2007 | Original Paper

Molecular genetics of AMD and current animal models

verfasst von: Albert O. Edwards, Goldis Malek

Erschienen in: Angiogenesis | Ausgabe 2/2007

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

During the past few years systematic investigation into the epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has provided important new insight into this leading cause of vision loss in older persons. These studies provide a view of AMD as a complex trait influenced by well-established genetic and environmental risks that leads to the deposition of inflammatory deposits in the outer retina. This maculopathy leads to visual dysfunction through a variety of mechanisms and complications that can be observed in both humans and animal models. In this review, the risks associated with AMD in humans and the animal models used to study AMD and its complications will be summarized. No effort has been made to perform a comprehensive citation of all areas of AMD genetics and animal models, but rather a selection of observations and supporting references illustrative of the current state of the field is presented.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson DH, Mullins RF, Hageman GS, Johnson LV (2002) A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye. Am J Ophthalmol 134:411–431PubMedCrossRef Anderson DH, Mullins RF, Hageman GS, Johnson LV (2002) A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye. Am J Ophthalmol 134:411–431PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson LV, Anderson DH (2004) Age-related macular degeneration and the extracellular matrix. N Engl J Med 351:320–322PubMedCrossRef Johnson LV, Anderson DH (2004) Age-related macular degeneration and the extracellular matrix. N Engl J Med 351:320–322PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Hageman GS, Luthert PJ, Victor Chong NH, Johnson LV, Anderson DH, Mullins RF (2001) An integrated hypothesis that considers drusen as biomarkers of immune-mediated processes at the RPE-Bruch’s membrane interface in aging and age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 20:705–732PubMedCrossRef Hageman GS, Luthert PJ, Victor Chong NH, Johnson LV, Anderson DH, Mullins RF (2001) An integrated hypothesis that considers drusen as biomarkers of immune-mediated processes at the RPE-Bruch’s membrane interface in aging and age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 20:705–732PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Crabb JW, Miyagi M, Gu X et al (2002) Drusen proteome analysis: an approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:14682–14687PubMedCrossRef Crabb JW, Miyagi M, Gu X et al (2002) Drusen proteome analysis: an approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:14682–14687PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Curcio CA, Medeiros NE, Millican CL (1998) The alabama age-related macular degeneration grading system for donor eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:1085–1096PubMed Curcio CA, Medeiros NE, Millican CL (1998) The alabama age-related macular degeneration grading system for donor eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:1085–1096PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Klein R, Davis MD, Magli YL, Segal P, Klein BE, Hubbard L (1991) The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system. Ophthalmology 98:1128–1134PubMed Klein R, Davis MD, Magli YL, Segal P, Klein BE, Hubbard L (1991) The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system. Ophthalmology 98:1128–1134PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bird AC, Bressler NM, Bressler SB et al (1995) An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group. Surv Ophthalmol 39:367–374PubMedCrossRef Bird AC, Bressler NM, Bressler SB et al (1995) An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The International ARM Epidemiological Study Group. Surv Ophthalmol 39:367–374PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Olsen TW, Feng X (2004) The Minnesota Grading System of eye bank eyes for age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:4484–4490PubMedCrossRef Olsen TW, Feng X (2004) The Minnesota Grading System of eye bank eyes for age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:4484–4490PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferris FL, Davis MD, Clemons TE et al (2005) A simplified severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 18. Arch Ophthalmol 123:1570–1574PubMedCrossRef Ferris FL, Davis MD, Clemons TE et al (2005) A simplified severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 18. Arch Ophthalmol 123:1570–1574PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis MD, Gangnon RE, Lee LY et al (2005) The Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 17. Arch Ophthalmol 123:1484–1498PubMedCrossRef Davis MD, Gangnon RE, Lee LY et al (2005) The Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No. 17. Arch Ophthalmol 123:1484–1498PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Klein ML, Schultz DW, Edwards A et al (1998) Age-related macular degeneration. Clinical features in a large family and linkage to chromosome 1q. Arch Ophthalmol 116:1082–1088PubMed Klein ML, Schultz DW, Edwards A et al (1998) Age-related macular degeneration. Clinical features in a large family and linkage to chromosome 1q. Arch Ophthalmol 116:1082–1088PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Schultz DW, Klein ML, Humpert AJ et al (2003) Analysis of the ARMD1 locus: evidence that a mutation in HEMICENTIN-1 is associated with age-related macular degeneration in a large family. Hum Mol Genet 12:3315–3323PubMedCrossRef Schultz DW, Klein ML, Humpert AJ et al (2003) Analysis of the ARMD1 locus: evidence that a mutation in HEMICENTIN-1 is associated with age-related macular degeneration in a large family. Hum Mol Genet 12:3315–3323PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Daly MJ, Rioux JD, Schaffner SF, Hudson TJ, Lander ES (2001) High-resolution haplotype structure in the human genome. Nat Genet 29:229–232PubMedCrossRef Daly MJ, Rioux JD, Schaffner SF, Hudson TJ, Lander ES (2001) High-resolution haplotype structure in the human genome. Nat Genet 29:229–232PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Reich DE, Cargill M, Bolk S et al (2001) Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. Nature 411:199–204PubMedCrossRef Reich DE, Cargill M, Bolk S et al (2001) Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. Nature 411:199–204PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Klein RJ, Zeiss C, Chew EY et al (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science 308:385–389PubMedCrossRef Klein RJ, Zeiss C, Chew EY et al (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science 308:385–389PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Edwards AO, Ritter R 3rd, Abel KJ, Manning A, Panhuysen C, Farrer LA (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science 308:421–424PubMedCrossRef Edwards AO, Ritter R 3rd, Abel KJ, Manning A, Panhuysen C, Farrer LA (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science 308:421–424PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S et al (2005) Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science 308:419–421PubMedCrossRef Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S et al (2005) Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science 308:419–421PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV et al (2005) A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (20):7053–7054CrossRef Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV et al (2005) A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (20):7053–7054CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Esparza-Gordillo J, Goicoechea de Jorge E, Lopez-Trascasa M, Sanchez-Corral P (2004) The human complement factor H: functional roles, genetic variations and disease associations. Mol Immunol 41:355–367CrossRef Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Esparza-Gordillo J, Goicoechea de Jorge E, Lopez-Trascasa M, Sanchez-Corral P (2004) The human complement factor H: functional roles, genetic variations and disease associations. Mol Immunol 41:355–367CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Maller J, George S, Purcell S et al (2006) Common variation in three genes, including a noncoding variant in CFH, strongly influences risk of age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 38:1055–1059PubMedCrossRef Maller J, George S, Purcell S et al (2006) Common variation in three genes, including a noncoding variant in CFH, strongly influences risk of age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 38:1055–1059PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Li M, Atmaca-Sonmez P, Othman M et al (2006) CFH haplotypes without the Y402H coding variant show strong association with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 38:1049–1054PubMedCrossRef Li M, Atmaca-Sonmez P, Othman M et al (2006) CFH haplotypes without the Y402H coding variant show strong association with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 38:1049–1054PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Hughes AE, Orr N, Esfandiary H, Diaz-Torres M, Goodship T, Chakravarthy U (2006) A common CFH haplotype, with deletion of CFHR1 and CFHR3, is associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 38:1173–1177PubMedCrossRef Hughes AE, Orr N, Esfandiary H, Diaz-Torres M, Goodship T, Chakravarthy U (2006) A common CFH haplotype, with deletion of CFHR1 and CFHR3, is associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 38:1173–1177PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher SA, Abecasis GR, Yashar BM et al (2005) Meta-analysis of genome scans of age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 14:2257–2264PubMedCrossRef Fisher SA, Abecasis GR, Yashar BM et al (2005) Meta-analysis of genome scans of age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 14:2257–2264PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Weeks DE, Conley YP, Tsai HJ et al (2004) Age-related maculopathy: a genomewide scan with continued evidence of susceptibility loci within the 1q31, 10q26, and 17q25 regions. Am J Hum Genet 75:174–189PubMedCrossRef Weeks DE, Conley YP, Tsai HJ et al (2004) Age-related maculopathy: a genomewide scan with continued evidence of susceptibility loci within the 1q31, 10q26, and 17q25 regions. Am J Hum Genet 75:174–189PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Seddon JM, Santangelo SL, Book K, Chong S, Cote J (2003) A genomewide scan for age-related macular degeneration provides evidence for linkage to several chromosomal regions. Am J Hum Genet 73:780–790PubMedCrossRef Seddon JM, Santangelo SL, Book K, Chong S, Cote J (2003) A genomewide scan for age-related macular degeneration provides evidence for linkage to several chromosomal regions. Am J Hum Genet 73:780–790PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Schick JH, Iyengar SK, Klein BE et al (2003) A whole-genome screen of a quantitative trait of age-related maculopathy in sibships from the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Hum Genet 72:1412–1424PubMedCrossRef Schick JH, Iyengar SK, Klein BE et al (2003) A whole-genome screen of a quantitative trait of age-related maculopathy in sibships from the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Hum Genet 72:1412–1424PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Majewski J, Schultz DW, Weleber RG et al (2003) Age-related macular degeneration–a genome scan in extended families. Am J Hum Genet 73:540–550PubMedCrossRef Majewski J, Schultz DW, Weleber RG et al (2003) Age-related macular degeneration–a genome scan in extended families. Am J Hum Genet 73:540–550PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Weeks DE, Conley YP, Mah TS et al. (2000) A full genome scan for age-related maculopathy. Hum Mol Genet 9:1329–1349PubMedCrossRef Weeks DE, Conley YP, Mah TS et al. (2000) A full genome scan for age-related maculopathy. Hum Mol Genet 9:1329–1349PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Jakobsdottir J, Conley YP, Weeks DE, Mah TS, Ferrell RE, Gorin MB (2005) Susceptibility genes for age-related maculopathy on chromosome 10q26. Am J Hum Genet 77:389–407PubMedCrossRef Jakobsdottir J, Conley YP, Weeks DE, Mah TS, Ferrell RE, Gorin MB (2005) Susceptibility genes for age-related maculopathy on chromosome 10q26. Am J Hum Genet 77:389–407PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivera A, Fisher SA, Fritsche LG et al (2005) Hypothetical LOC387715 is a second major susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration, contributing independently of complement factor H to disease risk. Hum Mol Genet 14:3227–3236PubMedCrossRef Rivera A, Fisher SA, Fritsche LG et al (2005) Hypothetical LOC387715 is a second major susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration, contributing independently of complement factor H to disease risk. Hum Mol Genet 14:3227–3236PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Conley YP, Jakobsdottir J, Mah T et al (2006) CFH, ELOVL4, PLEKHA1 and LOC387715 genes and susceptibility to age-related maculopathy: AREDS and CHS cohorts and meta-analyses. Hum Mol Genet 15:3206–3218PubMedCrossRef Conley YP, Jakobsdottir J, Mah T et al (2006) CFH, ELOVL4, PLEKHA1 and LOC387715 genes and susceptibility to age-related maculopathy: AREDS and CHS cohorts and meta-analyses. Hum Mol Genet 15:3206–3218PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt S, Hauser MA, Scott WK et al (2006) Cigarette smoking strongly modifies the association of LOC387715 and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Hum Genet 78:852–864PubMedCrossRef Schmidt S, Hauser MA, Scott WK et al (2006) Cigarette smoking strongly modifies the association of LOC387715 and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Hum Genet 78:852–864PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang Z, Camp NJ, Sun H et al (2006) A variant of the HTRA1 Gene increases susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Science 314(5801):992–993PubMedCrossRef Yang Z, Camp NJ, Sun H et al (2006) A variant of the HTRA1 Gene increases susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Science 314(5801):992–993PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Dewan A, Liu M, Hartman S et al (2006) HTRA1 Promoter polymorphism in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Science 314(5801):989–992PubMedCrossRef Dewan A, Liu M, Hartman S et al (2006) HTRA1 Promoter polymorphism in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Science 314(5801):989–992PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Gold B, Merriam JE, Zernant J et al (2006) Variation in factor B (BF) and complement component 2 (C2) genes is associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 38:458–462PubMedCrossRef Gold B, Merriam JE, Zernant J et al (2006) Variation in factor B (BF) and complement component 2 (C2) genes is associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 38:458–462PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Zareparsi S, Branham KE, Li M et al (2005) Strong association of the Y402H variant in complement factor H at 1q32 with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Am J Hum Genet 77:149–153PubMedCrossRef Zareparsi S, Branham KE, Li M et al (2005) Strong association of the Y402H variant in complement factor H at 1q32 with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Am J Hum Genet 77:149–153PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Baird PN, Richardson AJ, Robman LD et al. (2006) Apolipoprotein (APOE) gene is associated with progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Hum Mutat 27:337–342PubMedCrossRef Baird PN, Richardson AJ, Robman LD et al. (2006) Apolipoprotein (APOE) gene is associated with progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Hum Mutat 27:337–342PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Souied EH, Benlian P, Amouyel P et al (1998) The epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene as a potential protective factor for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 125:353–359PubMedCrossRef Souied EH, Benlian P, Amouyel P et al (1998) The epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene as a potential protective factor for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 125:353–359PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Klaver CC, Kliffen M, van Duijn CM et al (1998) Genetic association of apolipoprotein E with age-related macular degeneration [published erratum appears in Am J Hum Genet 1998 Oct;63(4):1252]. Am J Hum Genet 63:200–206PubMedCrossRef Klaver CC, Kliffen M, van Duijn CM et al (1998) Genetic association of apolipoprotein E with age-related macular degeneration [published erratum appears in Am J Hum Genet 1998 Oct;63(4):1252]. Am J Hum Genet 63:200–206PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Jun G, Klein BE, Klein R et al (2005) Genome-wide analyses demonstrate novel loci that predispose to drusen formation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:3081–3088PubMedCrossRef Jun G, Klein BE, Klein R et al (2005) Genome-wide analyses demonstrate novel loci that predispose to drusen formation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:3081–3088PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Zareparsi S, Reddick AC, Branham KE et al (2004) Association of apolipoprotein E alleles with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration in a large cohort from a single center. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:1306–1310PubMedCrossRef Zareparsi S, Reddick AC, Branham KE et al (2004) Association of apolipoprotein E alleles with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration in a large cohort from a single center. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:1306–1310PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt S, Klaver C, Saunders A et al (2002) A pooled case-control study of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmic Genet 23:209–223PubMedCrossRef Schmidt S, Klaver C, Saunders A et al (2002) A pooled case-control study of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmic Genet 23:209–223PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaur I, Hussain A, Hussain N et al (2006) Analysis of CFH, TLR4, and APOE polymorphism in India suggests the Tyr402His variant of CFH to be a global marker for age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:3729–3735PubMedCrossRef Kaur I, Hussain A, Hussain N et al (2006) Analysis of CFH, TLR4, and APOE polymorphism in India suggests the Tyr402His variant of CFH to be a global marker for age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:3729–3735PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong TY, Shankar A, Klein R et al (2006) Apolipoprotein E gene and early age-related maculopathy: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Ophthalmology 113:255–259PubMedCrossRef Wong TY, Shankar A, Klein R et al (2006) Apolipoprotein E gene and early age-related maculopathy: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Ophthalmology 113:255–259PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt S, Haines JL, Postel EA et al (2005) Joint effects of smoking history and APOE genotypes in age-related macular degeneration. Mol Vis 11:941–949PubMed Schmidt S, Haines JL, Postel EA et al (2005) Joint effects of smoking history and APOE genotypes in age-related macular degeneration. Mol Vis 11:941–949PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Schultz DW, Klein ML, Humpert A et al (2003) Lack of an association of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms with familial age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 121:679–683PubMedCrossRef Schultz DW, Klein ML, Humpert A et al (2003) Lack of an association of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms with familial age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 121:679–683PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernstein PS, Leppert M, Singh N et al (2002) Genotype-phenotype analysis of ABCR variants in macular degeneration probands and siblings. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:466–473PubMed Bernstein PS, Leppert M, Singh N et al (2002) Genotype-phenotype analysis of ABCR variants in macular degeneration probands and siblings. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:466–473PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Allikmets R (2000) Further evidence for an association of ABCR alleles with age-related macular degeneration. The International ABCR Screening Consortium. Am J Hum Genet 67:487–491PubMedCrossRef Allikmets R (2000) Further evidence for an association of ABCR alleles with age-related macular degeneration. The International ABCR Screening Consortium. Am J Hum Genet 67:487–491PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Ayyagari R, Zhang K, Hutchinson A et al (2001) Evaluation of the ELOVL4 gene in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Genet 22:233–239PubMedCrossRef Ayyagari R, Zhang K, Hutchinson A et al (2001) Evaluation of the ELOVL4 gene in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Genet 22:233–239PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Shastry BS, Trese MT (1999) Evaluation of the peripherin/RDS gene as a candidate gene in families with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica 213:165–170PubMedCrossRef Shastry BS, Trese MT (1999) Evaluation of the peripherin/RDS gene as a candidate gene in families with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica 213:165–170PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Narendran N, Guymer RH, Cain M, Baird PN (2005) Analysis of the EFEMP1 gene in individuals and families with early onset drusen. Eye 19:11–15PubMedCrossRef Narendran N, Guymer RH, Cain M, Baird PN (2005) Analysis of the EFEMP1 gene in individuals and families with early onset drusen. Eye 19:11–15PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Stone EM, Braun TA, Russell SR et al. (2004) Missense variations in the fibulin 5 gene and age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 351:346–353PubMedCrossRef Stone EM, Braun TA, Russell SR et al. (2004) Missense variations in the fibulin 5 gene and age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 351:346–353PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Allikmets R, Seddon JM, Bernstein PS et al (1999) Evaluation of the Best disease gene in patients with age-related macular degeneration and other maculopathies. Hum Genet 104:449–453PubMedCrossRef Allikmets R, Seddon JM, Bernstein PS et al (1999) Evaluation of the Best disease gene in patients with age-related macular degeneration and other maculopathies. Hum Genet 104:449–453PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Radu RA, Mata NL, Bagla A, Travis GH (2004) Light exposure stimulates formation of A2E oxiranes in a mouse model of Stargardt’s macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:5928–5933PubMedCrossRef Radu RA, Mata NL, Bagla A, Travis GH (2004) Light exposure stimulates formation of A2E oxiranes in a mouse model of Stargardt’s macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:5928–5933PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Mata NL, Tzekov RT, Liu X, Weng J, Birch DG, Travis GH (2001) Delayed dark-adaptation and lipofuscin accumulation in abcr+/− mice: implications for involvement of ABCR in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:1685–1690PubMed Mata NL, Tzekov RT, Liu X, Weng J, Birch DG, Travis GH (2001) Delayed dark-adaptation and lipofuscin accumulation in abcr+/− mice: implications for involvement of ABCR in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:1685–1690PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Mata NL, Weng J, Travis GH (2000) Biosynthesis of a major lipofuscin fluorophore in mice and humans with ABCR-mediated retinal and macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7154–7159PubMedCrossRef Mata NL, Weng J, Travis GH (2000) Biosynthesis of a major lipofuscin fluorophore in mice and humans with ABCR-mediated retinal and macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7154–7159PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Haines JL, Schnetz-Boutaud N, Schmidt S et al (2006) Functional candidate genes in age-related macular degeneration: significant association with VEGF, VLDLR, and LRP6. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:329–335PubMedCrossRef Haines JL, Schnetz-Boutaud N, Schmidt S et al (2006) Functional candidate genes in age-related macular degeneration: significant association with VEGF, VLDLR, and LRP6. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:329–335PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Churchill AJ, Carter JG, Lovell HC et al (2006) VEGF polymorphisms are associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 15:2955–2961PubMedCrossRef Churchill AJ, Carter JG, Lovell HC et al (2006) VEGF polymorphisms are associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 15:2955–2961PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Conley YP, Thalamuthu A, Jakobsdottir J et al (2005) Candidate gene analysis suggests a role for fatty acid biosynthesis and regulation of the complement system in the etiology of age-related maculopathy. Hum Mol Genet 14:1991–2002PubMedCrossRef Conley YP, Thalamuthu A, Jakobsdottir J et al (2005) Candidate gene analysis suggests a role for fatty acid biosynthesis and regulation of the complement system in the etiology of age-related maculopathy. Hum Mol Genet 14:1991–2002PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamdi HK, Reznik J, Castellon R et al (2002) Alu DNA polymorphism in ACE gene is protective for age-related macular degeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 295:668–672PubMedCrossRef Hamdi HK, Reznik J, Castellon R et al (2002) Alu DNA polymorphism in ACE gene is protective for age-related macular degeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 295:668–672PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Zareparsi S, Buraczynska M, Branham KE et al (2005) Toll-like receptor 4 variant D299G is associated with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 14:1449–1455PubMedCrossRef Zareparsi S, Buraczynska M, Branham KE et al (2005) Toll-like receptor 4 variant D299G is associated with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 14:1449–1455PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuo J, Smith BC, Bojanowski CM et al (2004) The involvement of sequence variation and expression of CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Faseb J 18:1297–1299PubMed Tuo J, Smith BC, Bojanowski CM et al (2004) The involvement of sequence variation and expression of CX3CR1 in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Faseb J 18:1297–1299PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan CC, Tuo J, Bojanowski CM, Csaky KG, Green WR (2005) Detection of CX3CR1 single nucleotide polymorphism and expression on archived eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Histol Histopathol 20:857–863PubMed Chan CC, Tuo J, Bojanowski CM, Csaky KG, Green WR (2005) Detection of CX3CR1 single nucleotide polymorphism and expression on archived eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Histol Histopathol 20:857–863PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuo J, Ning B, Bojanowski CM et al (2006) Synergic effect of polymorphisms in ERCC6 5’ flanking region and complement factor H on age-related macular degeneration predisposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9256–9261PubMedCrossRef Tuo J, Ning B, Bojanowski CM et al (2006) Synergic effect of polymorphisms in ERCC6 5’ flanking region and complement factor H on age-related macular degeneration predisposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9256–9261PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Goverdhan SV, Howell MW, Mullins RF et al (2005) Association of HLA class I and class II polymorphisms with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:1726–1734PubMedCrossRef Goverdhan SV, Howell MW, Mullins RF et al (2005) Association of HLA class I and class II polymorphisms with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:1726–1734PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Baird PN, Chu D, Guida E, Vu HT, Guymer R (2004) Association of the M55L and Q192R paraoxonase gene polymorphisms with age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 138:665–666PubMedCrossRef Baird PN, Chu D, Guida E, Vu HT, Guymer R (2004) Association of the M55L and Q192R paraoxonase gene polymorphisms with age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 138:665–666PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Fiotti N, Pedio M, Battaglia Parodi M et al (2005) MMP-9 microsatellite polymorphism and susceptibility to exudative form of age-related macular degeneration. Genet Med 7:272–277PubMedCrossRef Fiotti N, Pedio M, Battaglia Parodi M et al (2005) MMP-9 microsatellite polymorphism and susceptibility to exudative form of age-related macular degeneration. Genet Med 7:272–277PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Esfandiary H, Chakravarthy U, Patterson C, Young I, Hughes AE (2005) Association study of detoxification genes in age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 89:470–474PubMedCrossRef Esfandiary H, Chakravarthy U, Patterson C, Young I, Hughes AE (2005) Association study of detoxification genes in age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 89:470–474PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Despriet DD, Klaver CC, Witteman JC et al (2006) Complement factor H polymorphism, complement activators, and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Jama 296:301–309PubMedCrossRef Despriet DD, Klaver CC, Witteman JC et al (2006) Complement factor H polymorphism, complement activators, and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Jama 296:301–309PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Schaumberg DA, Christen WG, Kozlowski P, Miller DT, Ridker PM, Zee RY (2006) A prospective assessment of the Y402H variant in complement factor H, genetic variants in C-reactive protein, and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:2336–2340PubMedCrossRef Schaumberg DA, Christen WG, Kozlowski P, Miller DT, Ridker PM, Zee RY (2006) A prospective assessment of the Y402H variant in complement factor H, genetic variants in C-reactive protein, and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:2336–2340PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Kardys I, Klaver CC, Despriet DD et al (2006) A common polymorphism in the complement factor H gene is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1568–1575PubMedCrossRef Kardys I, Klaver CC, Despriet DD et al (2006) A common polymorphism in the complement factor H gene is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1568–1575PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Hope GM, Dawson WW, Engel HM, Ulshafer RJ, Kessler MJ, Sherwood MB (1992) A primate model for age related macular drusen. Br J Ophthalmol 76:11–16PubMed Hope GM, Dawson WW, Engel HM, Ulshafer RJ, Kessler MJ, Sherwood MB (1992) A primate model for age related macular drusen. Br J Ophthalmol 76:11–16PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Umeda S, Ayyagari R, Allikmets R et al (2005) Early-onset macular degeneration with drusen in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) pedigree: exclusion of 13 candidate genes and loci. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:683–691PubMedCrossRef Umeda S, Ayyagari R, Allikmets R et al (2005) Early-onset macular degeneration with drusen in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) pedigree: exclusion of 13 candidate genes and loci. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:683–691PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Kliffen M, Lutgens E, Daemen MJ, de Muinck ED, Mooy CM, de Jong PT (2000) The APO(*)E3-Leiden mouse as an animal model for basal laminar deposit. Br J Ophthalmol 84:1415–1419PubMedCrossRef Kliffen M, Lutgens E, Daemen MJ, de Muinck ED, Mooy CM, de Jong PT (2000) The APO(*)E3-Leiden mouse as an animal model for basal laminar deposit. Br J Ophthalmol 84:1415–1419PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Dithmar S, Curcio CA, Le NA, Brown S, Grossniklaus HE (2000) Ultrastructural changes in Bruch’s membrane of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2035–2042PubMed Dithmar S, Curcio CA, Le NA, Brown S, Grossniklaus HE (2000) Ultrastructural changes in Bruch’s membrane of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2035–2042PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Dithmar S, Sharara NA, Curcio CA et al (2001) Murine high-fat diet and laser photochemical model of basal deposits in Bruch membrane. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1643–1649PubMed Dithmar S, Sharara NA, Curcio CA et al (2001) Murine high-fat diet and laser photochemical model of basal deposits in Bruch membrane. Arch Ophthalmol 119:1643–1649PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Rudolf M, Winkler B, Aherrahou Z, Doehring LC, Kaczmarek P, Schmidt-Erfurth U (2005) Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor associated with accumulation of lipids in Bruch’s membrane of LDL receptor knockout mice. Br J Ophthalmol 89:1627–1630PubMedCrossRef Rudolf M, Winkler B, Aherrahou Z, Doehring LC, Kaczmarek P, Schmidt-Erfurth U (2005) Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor associated with accumulation of lipids in Bruch’s membrane of LDL receptor knockout mice. Br J Ophthalmol 89:1627–1630PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Gottsch JD, Bynoe LA, Harlan JB, Rencs EV, Green WR (1993) Light-induced deposits in Bruch’s membrane of protoporphyric mice. Arch Ophthalmol 111:126–129PubMed Gottsch JD, Bynoe LA, Harlan JB, Rencs EV, Green WR (1993) Light-induced deposits in Bruch’s membrane of protoporphyric mice. Arch Ophthalmol 111:126–129PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Cousins SW, Marin-Castano ME, Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Alexandridou A, Striker L, Elliot S (2003) Female gender, estrogen loss, and Sub-RPE deposit formation in aged mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:1221–1229PubMedCrossRef Cousins SW, Marin-Castano ME, Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Alexandridou A, Striker L, Elliot S (2003) Female gender, estrogen loss, and Sub-RPE deposit formation in aged mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:1221–1229PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Sall J, Hernandez EP, Cousins SW (2004) Basal laminar deposit formation in APO B100 transgenic mice: complex interactions between dietary fat, blue light, and vitamin E. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:260–266PubMedCrossRef Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Sall J, Hernandez EP, Cousins SW (2004) Basal laminar deposit formation in APO B100 transgenic mice: complex interactions between dietary fat, blue light, and vitamin E. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:260–266PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Suner IJ, Catanuto P, Hernandez EP, Marin-Castano ME, Cousins SW (2006) Cigarette smoke-related oxidants and the development of sub-RPE deposits in an experimental animal model of dry AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:729–737PubMedCrossRef Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Suner IJ, Catanuto P, Hernandez EP, Marin-Castano ME, Cousins SW (2006) Cigarette smoke-related oxidants and the development of sub-RPE deposits in an experimental animal model of dry AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:729–737PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Majji AB, Cao J, Chang KY et al (2000) Age-related retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch’s membrane degeneration in senescence-accelerated mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:3936–3942PubMed Majji AB, Cao J, Chang KY et al (2000) Age-related retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch’s membrane degeneration in senescence-accelerated mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:3936–3942PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Ida H, Ishibashi K, Reiser K, Hjelmeland LM, Handa JT (2004) Ultrastructural aging of the RPE-Bruch’s membrane-choriocapillaris complex in the D-galactose-treated mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:2348–2354PubMedCrossRef Ida H, Ishibashi K, Reiser K, Hjelmeland LM, Handa JT (2004) Ultrastructural aging of the RPE-Bruch’s membrane-choriocapillaris complex in the D-galactose-treated mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:2348–2354PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Tian J, Ishibashi K, Ishibashi K et al (2005) Advanced glycation endproduct-induced aging of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid: a comprehensive transcriptional response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11846–11851PubMedCrossRef Tian J, Ishibashi K, Ishibashi K et al (2005) Advanced glycation endproduct-induced aging of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid: a comprehensive transcriptional response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11846–11851PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Karan G, Lillo C, Yang Z et al (2005) Lipofuscin accumulation, abnormal electrophysiology, and photoreceptor degeneration in mutant ELOVL4 transgenic mice: a model for macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:4164–4169PubMedCrossRef Karan G, Lillo C, Yang Z et al (2005) Lipofuscin accumulation, abnormal electrophysiology, and photoreceptor degeneration in mutant ELOVL4 transgenic mice: a model for macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:4164–4169PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Hahn P, Dentchev T, Qian Y, Rouault T, Harris ZL, Dunaief JL (2004) Immunolocalization and regulation of iron handling proteins ferritin and ferroportin in the retina. Mol Vis 10:598–607PubMed Hahn P, Dentchev T, Qian Y, Rouault T, Harris ZL, Dunaief JL (2004) Immunolocalization and regulation of iron handling proteins ferritin and ferroportin in the retina. Mol Vis 10:598–607PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Rakoczy PE, Zhang D, Robertson T et al (2002) Progressive age-related changes similar to age-related macular degeneration in a transgenic mouse model. Am J Pathol 161:1515–1524PubMed Rakoczy PE, Zhang D, Robertson T et al (2002) Progressive age-related changes similar to age-related macular degeneration in a transgenic mouse model. Am J Pathol 161:1515–1524PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanaka N, Ikawa M, Mata NL, Verma IM (2006) Choroidal neovascularization in transgenic mice expressing prokineticin 1: an animal model for age-related macular degeneration. Mol Ther 13:609–616PubMedCrossRef Tanaka N, Ikawa M, Mata NL, Verma IM (2006) Choroidal neovascularization in transgenic mice expressing prokineticin 1: an animal model for age-related macular degeneration. Mol Ther 13:609–616PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller H, Miller B, Ryan SJ (1986) The role of retinal pigment epithelium in the involution of subretinal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27:1644–1652PubMed Miller H, Miller B, Ryan SJ (1986) The role of retinal pigment epithelium in the involution of subretinal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27:1644–1652PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Dobi ET, Puliafito CA, Destro M (1989) A new model of experimental choroidal neovascularization in the rat. Arch Ophthalmol 107:264–269PubMed Dobi ET, Puliafito CA, Destro M (1989) A new model of experimental choroidal neovascularization in the rat. Arch Ophthalmol 107:264–269PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Frank RN, Das A, Weber ML (1989) A model of subretinal neovascularization in the pigmented rat. Curr Eye Res 8:239–247PubMed Frank RN, Das A, Weber ML (1989) A model of subretinal neovascularization in the pigmented rat. Curr Eye Res 8:239–247PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Kiilgaard JF, Andersen MV, Wiencke AK et al (2005) A new animal model of choroidal neovascularization. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 83:697–704PubMedCrossRef Kiilgaard JF, Andersen MV, Wiencke AK et al (2005) A new animal model of choroidal neovascularization. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 83:697–704PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang F, Rendahl KG, Manning WC, Quiroz D, Coyne M, Miller SS (2003) AAV-mediated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor induces choroidal neovascularization in rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:781–790PubMedCrossRef Wang F, Rendahl KG, Manning WC, Quiroz D, Coyne M, Miller SS (2003) AAV-mediated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor induces choroidal neovascularization in rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:781–790PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Spilsbury K, Garrett KL, Shen WY, Constable IJ, Rakoczy PE (2000) Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retinal pigment epithelium leads to the development of choroidal neovascularization. Am J Pathol 157:135–144PubMed Spilsbury K, Garrett KL, Shen WY, Constable IJ, Rakoczy PE (2000) Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retinal pigment epithelium leads to the development of choroidal neovascularization. Am J Pathol 157:135–144PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwesinger C, Yee C, Rohan RM et al (2001) Intrachoroidal neovascularization in transgenic mice overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor in the retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Pathol 158:1161–1172PubMed Schwesinger C, Yee C, Rohan RM et al (2001) Intrachoroidal neovascularization in transgenic mice overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor in the retinal pigment epithelium. Am J Pathol 158:1161–1172PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Heckenlively JR, Hawes NL, Friedlander M et al (2003) Mouse model of subretinal neovascularization with choroidal anastomosis. Retina 23:518–522PubMedCrossRef Heckenlively JR, Hawes NL, Friedlander M et al (2003) Mouse model of subretinal neovascularization with choroidal anastomosis. Retina 23:518–522PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Ambati J, Anand A, Fernandez S et al (2003) An animal model of age-related macular degeneration in senescent Ccl-2- or Ccr-2-deficient mice. Nat Med 9:1390–1397PubMedCrossRef Ambati J, Anand A, Fernandez S et al (2003) An animal model of age-related macular degeneration in senescent Ccl-2- or Ccr-2-deficient mice. Nat Med 9:1390–1397PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Malek G, Johnson LV, Mace BE et al (2005) Apolipoprotein E allele-dependent pathogenesis: a model for age-related retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11900–11905PubMedCrossRef Malek G, Johnson LV, Mace BE et al (2005) Apolipoprotein E allele-dependent pathogenesis: a model for age-related retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11900–11905PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Imamura Y, Noda S, Hashizume K et al (2006) Drusen, choroidal neovascularization, and retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction in SOD1-deficient mice: a model of age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:11282–11287PubMedCrossRef Imamura Y, Noda S, Hashizume K et al (2006) Drusen, choroidal neovascularization, and retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction in SOD1-deficient mice: a model of age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:11282–11287PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Fauser S, Luberichs J, Schuttauf F (2002) Genetic animal models for retinal degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 47:357–367PubMedCrossRef Fauser S, Luberichs J, Schuttauf F (2002) Genetic animal models for retinal degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 47:357–367PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Curcio CA, Owsley C, Jackson GR (2000) Spare the rods, save the cones in aging and age-related maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2015–2018PubMed Curcio CA, Owsley C, Jackson GR (2000) Spare the rods, save the cones in aging and age-related maculopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2015–2018PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Snow KK, Seddon JM (1999) Do age-related macular degeneration and cardiovascular disease share common antecedents?. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 6:125–143PubMedCrossRef Snow KK, Seddon JM (1999) Do age-related macular degeneration and cardiovascular disease share common antecedents?. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 6:125–143PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat McGwin G Jr, Owsley C, Curcio CA, Crain RJ (2003) The association between statin use and age related maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 87:1121–1125PubMedCrossRef McGwin G Jr, Owsley C, Curcio CA, Crain RJ (2003) The association between statin use and age related maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 87:1121–1125PubMedCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Curcio CA, Millican CL (1999) Basal linear deposit and large drusen are specific for early age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 117:329–339PubMed Curcio CA, Millican CL (1999) Basal linear deposit and large drusen are specific for early age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 117:329–339PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Heriot WJ, Henkind P, Bellhorn RW, Burns MS (1984) Choroidal neovascularization can digest Bruch’s membrane. A prior break is not essential. Ophthalmology 91:1603–1608PubMed Heriot WJ, Henkind P, Bellhorn RW, Burns MS (1984) Choroidal neovascularization can digest Bruch’s membrane. A prior break is not essential. Ophthalmology 91:1603–1608PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang K, Kniazeva M, Han M et al (2001) A 5-bp deletion in ELOVL4 is associated with two related forms of autosomal dominant macular dystrophy. Nat Genet 27:89–93PubMed Zhang K, Kniazeva M, Han M et al (2001) A 5-bp deletion in ELOVL4 is associated with two related forms of autosomal dominant macular dystrophy. Nat Genet 27:89–93PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Edwards AO, Donoso LA, Ritter R 3rd (2001) A novel gene for autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy with homology to the SUR4 protein family. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:2652–2663PubMed Edwards AO, Donoso LA, Ritter R 3rd (2001) A novel gene for autosomal dominant Stargardt-like macular dystrophy with homology to the SUR4 protein family. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:2652–2663PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Vasireddy V, Jablonski MM, Mandal MN et al (2006) Elovl4 5-bp-deletion knock-in mice develop progressive photoreceptor degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:4558–4568PubMedCrossRef Vasireddy V, Jablonski MM, Mandal MN et al (2006) Elovl4 5-bp-deletion knock-in mice develop progressive photoreceptor degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:4558–4568PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Yannuzzi LA, Negrao S, Iida T et al (2001) Retinal angiomatous proliferation in age-related macular degeneration. Retina 21:416–434PubMedCrossRef Yannuzzi LA, Negrao S, Iida T et al (2001) Retinal angiomatous proliferation in age-related macular degeneration. Retina 21:416–434PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Delcourt C, Cristol JP, Leger CL, Descomps B, Papoz L (1999) Associations of antioxidant enzymes with cataract and age-related macular degeneration. The POLA Study. Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l’Age. Ophthalmology 106:215–222PubMedCrossRef Delcourt C, Cristol JP, Leger CL, Descomps B, Papoz L (1999) Associations of antioxidant enzymes with cataract and age-related macular degeneration. The POLA Study. Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l’Age. Ophthalmology 106:215–222PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark SJ, Higman VA, Mulloy B et al (2006) His-384 allotypic variant of factor H associated with age-related macular degeneration has different heparin binding properties from the non-disease-associated form. J Biol Chem 281:24713–24720PubMedCrossRef Clark SJ, Higman VA, Mulloy B et al (2006) His-384 allotypic variant of factor H associated with age-related macular degeneration has different heparin binding properties from the non-disease-associated form. J Biol Chem 281:24713–24720PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson PT, Betts KE, Radeke MJ, Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV (2006) Individuals homozygous for the age-related macular degeneration risk-conferring variant of complement factor H have elevated levels of CRP in the choroid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:17456–17461PubMedCrossRef Johnson PT, Betts KE, Radeke MJ, Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV (2006) Individuals homozygous for the age-related macular degeneration risk-conferring variant of complement factor H have elevated levels of CRP in the choroid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:17456–17461PubMedCrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou J, Jang YP, Kim SR, Sparrow JR (2006) Complement activation by photooxidation products of A2E, a lipofuscin constituent of the retinal pigment epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:16182–16187PubMedCrossRef Zhou J, Jang YP, Kim SR, Sparrow JR (2006) Complement activation by photooxidation products of A2E, a lipofuscin constituent of the retinal pigment epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:16182–16187PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Molecular genetics of AMD and current animal models
verfasst von
Albert O. Edwards
Goldis Malek
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2007
Verlag
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Erschienen in
Angiogenesis / Ausgabe 2/2007
Print ISSN: 0969-6970
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7209
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-007-9064-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2007

Angiogenesis 2/2007 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.