Anastomotic leakage (AL) is one of the most serious postoperative complications after colorectal anastomosis. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the early detection of AL in patients with clinically suspected AL after rectal anterior resection.
Methods
This was a prospective study including patients who underwent anterior resection and postoperative MRI examination. AL was diagnosed by comprehensive indictors, which were mainly confirmed by clinical signs, symptoms, and retrograde contrast enema (RCE) radiography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of diagnosing AL with MRI were calculated.
Results
In total, 347 patients received anterior resection for rectal cancer, and 28 patients were suspected to have AL. Finally, 23 patients were included and received MRI examination. The median time interval from surgery to MRI was 10 days (3–21 days). The median distance from anastomosis to anal verge was 4.0 cm (2.0–10 cm), and 11 patients underwent diverted ileostomy. Eighteen patients had an anastomotic leak, including one patient who had a pelvic abscess and five patients who had no evidence of AL in the MRI examination. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 94.4% (95% CI 70.6% to 99.7%) and 80% (95% CI 29.8% to 98.9%), respectively. The PPV was 0.94 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.99) and the NPV was 0.80 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.99). For patients who had anastomosis less than 5 cm, the diagnostic accuracy of MRI was 93.7% (15/16). T2-weighted imaging with fat suppression can effectively reveal the leak track.
Conclusions
The accuracy of plain MRI examination in diagnosing AL was favorable for patients with a suspected AL. T2-weighted imaging with fat suppression was the best imaging modality to diagnose AL. A multicenter prospective study with more samples is needed to further determine the safety and feasibility of MRI in the diagnosis of AL.
Hinweise
Liang Yu and Guangliang Chen contributed equally to this article
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abkürzungen
AL
Anastomotic leakage
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
PPV
Positive predictive values
NPV
Negative predictive values
WSE
Water-soluble contrast enema
CT
Computed tomography
RCE
Retrograde contrast enema
DRE
Digital rectal examination
ISGRC
International Study Group of Rectal Cancer
PACS
Picture archiving and communication system
CE
Contrast enema
Introduction
ANastomotic leakage (AL) is one of the most serious postoperative complications after rectal resection. The frequency of AL is 1.5% to 15% according to the previous literature [1‐3]. Most of the mild to moderate leaks are managed conservatively using antibiotics and image-guided drainage, and some severe cases of AL will result in emergent reoperation and a temporary diverting ostomy due to generalized peritonitis or severe sepsis [4]. These severe cases of AL are associated with an increased perioperative mortality rate [5], and a recent meta-analysis demonstrated that severe cases of AL increased the local recurrence rate and decreased long-term overall survival, cancer-specific survival, and disease-free survival [6].
It is imperative to identify AL as early as possible given the severity of the complications associated with AL. Actually, clinical symptoms and signs of AL are not typical, and AL may be confused with other less life-threatening postoperative complications [7, 8]. Therefore, various radiographic imaging modalities have been used to assist in the early detection of AL.
Anzeige
Water-soluble contrast enema (WSE) and computed tomography (CT) imaging are the most prominent methods used to detect AL; however, some studies have shown that WSE has a high false-negative rate, even up to 46%, in patients with AL [9, 10]. CT has become the preferred diagnosis modality because it can provide a more precise image of anastomosis and diagnose the specific AL presented as the abscess beside anastomosis. CT also has the advantage of detecting other adverse events, such as intra-abdominal abscesses [11, 12]; however, CT is only 68% sensitive for diagnosing AL according to a systematic literature review [13]. CT combined with retrograde contrast enema (RCE) was reported to increase the sensitivity (83%) and specificity (97%) of diagnosing AL [13]. However, nonstandardized dispensing of contrast medium at the site of the anastomosis will compromise the accuracy of CT imaging in detecting AL [11].
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has an undisputed role in the evaluation of anal fistula based on a sensitivity of up to 100% and a specificity of 86% for visualization of the fistula track [14, 15]. Whether MRI can be used to diagnose AL given its remarkable performance in discovering anastomosis defects and the leak track remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of MRI in the detection of AL in patients with clinically suspected AL after rectal surgery.
Materials and methods
Study population
This was a prospective study that was conducted at the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital (FMUUH) from November 2020 to June 2021. In total, 347 patients received anterior resection for rectal cancer during this period, and 28 patients were suspected to have AL. Finally, 23 patients were included and received MRI examination after the remaining 5 patients refused to undergo MRI. Three patients received hand-sewn anastomoses because they had rectal cancer that was too low to receive intersphincteric resection (ISR). The pelvic drain was placed routinely in patients who received rectal anterior resection in our institution. Generally, the drain tube was removed 5–7 days after surgery.
Anastomotic leakage after anterior resection of the rectum was defined as an interaction between the intra- and extraluminal compartments due to a defect in the integrity of the intestinal wall at the anastomosis between the colon and rectum or the colon and anus according to the consensus of the International Study Group of Rectal Cancer (ISREC) [16], and a pelvic abscess in the proximity of the anastomosis was also defined as anastomotic leakage. The signs and symptoms that indicated AL included anastomotic defect found by digital rectal examination (DRE), emission of gas, pus, or feces from the pelvic drain, peritonitis, signs of rectovaginal fistula, prolonged intestinal paralysis, fever, leukocytosis, pain, tenderness, and abdominal distention. The severity grading of AL was defined according to ISREC [16]. Grade A is defined as AL requiring no active therapeutic intervention. Grade B leaks require active therapeutic intervention but are manageable without laparotomy. Grade C leaks require relaparotomy.
Anzeige
All patients received MRI examination at an appropriate time after AL was suspected. The baseline clinicopathological characteristics and the clinical data after surgery, such as laboratory findings, surgery reports, radiology reports, symptoms, and signs, were recorded. This retrospective study was approved by the institutional research ethics committee of FMUUH (2021KY136).
MRI acquisition
MRI examinations were achieved using a whole-body 3T MRI system (Magnetom Prisma, Siemens Healthcare) using an 18-channel body matrix coil combined with a 32-channel spine matrix coil. The scan protocol comprised 2D sagittal T2WI FS and 3-dimensional (3D) axial T2WI FS with coronal and sagittal reformations. The MR parameters used in 2D sagittal T2WI FS were as follows: FOV of 20 × 20 mm, slice thickness of 2 mm, TR/TE of 7680/84 ms. In addition, 3D axial T2WI FS was acquired with the following parameters: FOV of 23 × 23 mm, TR/TE of 1700/100 ms, and slice thickness of 1 mm without spacing. All patients received MR examination without enhancement scan and contrast enema.
MRI analysis
All MRI results for patients with suspected AL were independently evaluated by two experienced abdominal radiologists (GC & HW). The following features indicated AL: (1) presence of peri-anastomotic air and/or fluid; (2) disintegration of the anastomotic staple line; and (3) leakage of the tract from the anastomosis to the pelvic and/or adjacent organ (Fig. 1). MRI examinations were evaluated using a picture archiving and communication system (PACS, PLZ Healthcare) viewing station. The MRI results were recorded completely for further analysis.
Fig. 1
The schematic diagram of anastomostic leak
×
Statistical analysis
Demographic, disease, patient and radiology variable analyses were performed using descriptive statistics. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. All analyses were performed with SPSS 23.0 for MAC (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Baseline characteristics
Twenty-three patients who underwent rectal resection with colorectal end-to-end anastomosis and were clinically suspected to have AL were included in the final analysis. Among them, there were 5 females and 18 males, and the median age was 58.1 (41–84) years old. The median distance from the inferior edge of the tumor to the anal verge was 8 cm (4–15 cm), and 13 patients received neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. The median distance from anastomosis to anal verge was 4.0 cm (2.0–10 cm), and 11 patients underwent diverted ileostomy. Anastomosis was performed by hand sewing in 3 patients and by stapling in 20 patients. Seventeen patients also received contrast enema (CE) radiography before or after MR examination at one- to two-day intervals. The clinical characteristics are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
Patient demographics
Characteristic
Value (%)
Mean age (y ± SD) (range)
59.1 ± 11.7 (41–83)
Gender, n (%)
Male
5 (21.7)
Female
18 (78.3)
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Yes
13 (56.5)
No
10 (43.5)
Anastomotic methods
Hand sewn
3 (13)
Stapler
20 (87)
Distance from anastomosis to anus, cm
(mean ± SD) (range)
5.1 ± 2.5 (2–10)
Defunctioning stoma
Yes
12 (52.2)
No
11 (47.8)
Index surgery to MRI, days
(mean ± SD) (range)
10.3 (3–21)
Finally diagnosed anastomotic leakage
Yes
18 (78.3)
No
5 (22.7)
Table 2
Individual patient characteristics
Patient
Gender
Age
nCRTa
Distance from anastomosis to anus (cm)
Anastomotic methods
Defunctioning stoma
Time to MRb (days)
Fecal fluid from pelvic drainage tube
Increase in plasma inflammatory indicatorc
Results of MR
Results of Contrast enema radiography
1
Male
52
Yes
4
Stapler
Yes
21
No
Yes
Pelvic abscess
Negative
2
Male
72
No
4
Stapler
No
9
No
Yes
Leak
Positive
3
Male
60
No
5
Stapler
No
11
No
No
Leak
Negative
4
Male
72
No
8
Stapler
No
5
Yes
Yes
Leak
Negative
5
Male
52
No
5
Stapler
No
5
Yes
Yes
Leak
Positive
6
Male
57
No
10
Stapler
No
7
Yes
Yes
No Leak
Positive
7
Female
60
Yes
3
Stapler
Yes
12
Yes
Yes
Leak
Positive
8
Female
58
No
2.5
Hand sewn
Yes
3
No
No
No Leak
Negative
9
Male
48
Yes
5
Stapler
No
5
Yes
Yes
Leak(suspect)
Negative
10
Male
43
Yes
5
Stapler
Yes
6
No
No
Leak
–
11
Male
43
Yes
3
Hand sewn
Yes
7
No
No
No leak
–
12
Male
63
Yes
8.5
Stapler
No
8
No
Yes
Leak (suspect)
Negative
13
Male
56
No
7
Stapler
No
10
Yes
Yes
Leak
Positive
14
Male
74
Yes
2
Stapler
Yes
11
No
Yes
No leak
–
15
Female
58
No
10
Stapler
No
11
No
Yes
No leak
Negative
16
Male
75
No
9
Stapler
No
13
Yes
No
Leak
Negative
17
Male
57
Yes
3
Stapler
Yes
14
No
No
Leak
–
18
Female
57
Yes
6
Stapler
No
15
No
Yes
Leak (suspect)
Negative
19
Male
41
Yes
4
Stapler
Yes
20
No
Yes
Leak
–
20
Male
84
No
4
Stapler
Yes
9
No
Yes
Leak (suspect)
Positive
21
Male
65
Yes
2.5
Stapler
Yes
11
Yes
Yes
Leak (suspect)
Positive
22
Male
42
Yes
4
Stapler
Yes
10
No
Yes
Leak
Positive
23
Female
70
Yes
2
Hand sewn
Yes
14
Yes
Yes
Leak
–
aNeoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
bThe time interval from operation to first MR examination
cThe plasma inflammatory indicators included white blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and procalcitonin (PCT)
MR examination and outcome
All 23 patients signed the consent form and underwent MR examination after surgery. The median time interval from surgery to MR was 10 days (3–21 days). No adverse events caused by MRI were found during the study period. Eighteen patients were found to have an anastomotic leak, including one patient who had a pelvic abscess and five patients who had no evidence of AL on MRI examination. Among patients whose MRI indicated AL, three patients had no signs or symptoms of AL, but the bacterial culture of drainage fluid was positive, indicating a grade A leak. One patient whose anastomosis was located 10 cm from the anal verge had a negative MR result, but CE indicated an AL (Table 2). T2-weighted imaging with fat suppression effectively reveals the leak track, representing the best imaging method to estimate the AL according to our results (Figs. 2 and 3).
Fig. 2
A suspected fistula tract (yellow arrow) at 12 o'clock can be seen on axial (fat suppression) T2-weighted MR images (A), suggesting anastomotic leakage in a 52-year-oldman; At a higher level image shows an abscess (white arrow) with a gas–liquid plane located in the presacral region (B). The above two signs were not found in barium enema (C)
Fig. 3
Oblique coronal (A) and axial (B) (fat suppression) T2-weighted MR images clearly show a fistula tract (yellow arrow) and an abscess (white arrow) in a 70-year-old woman. Barium enema (C) shows the unclear course of the fistula tract (yellow arrow)
×
×
The overall sensitivity and specificity values were 94.4% (95% CI 70.6% to 99.7%) and 80% (95% CI 29.8% to 98.9%), respectively. The PPV was 0.94 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.99) and the NPV was 0.80 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.99). In total, 16 patients had an anastomosis smaller than 5 cm, and the diagnostic accuracy of MRI for these patients was 93.7% (15/16). For patients who received CE, eight patients had positive results, and nine patients had negative results. The sensitivity and specificity values were 37.5% (95% CI 16.3% to 64.1%) and 100% (95% CI 5.5% to 100%), respectively. The PPV was 1 (95% CI 0.52 to 1.00), and the NPV 0.09 (95% CI 0 to 0.43).
All patients were cured by conservative treatment, including pelvic drainage, antibiotics, and anal tube drainage.
Anzeige
Discussion
AL following anterior resection is a severe complication that can increase morbidity and mortality. If AL is detected as early as possible, adverse events could potentially be reduced. Alves et al. found that the mortality rate increased from 0 to 18% if the diagnosis of a leak was made after the fifth postoperative day [17]. However, the signs and symptoms that could indicate AL were subtle in the majority of patients, leading to difficulty in diagnosing AL. Some leaks may take time to progress and will not present clinically until weeks after the operation. Previous studies showed that up to 42% of asymptomatic patients are diagnosed only upon readmission after initial hospital discharge and may even be diagnosed months later [18, 19]. In these cases, the early diagnosis of AL needs to be confirmed by imaging examination.
The best imaging method to detect AL has been debated in previous studies in past decades [18, 20, 21]. CE is a common method used to identify AL in clinical practice. However, the diagnostic efficacy of CE varies in different studies with accuracy values ranging from 5 to 80% [4], and the false-negative radiological result rate can reach up to 33% [22]. The sensitivity and specificity values were not ideal, and the NPV was only 0.2 in our study, which was consistent with a previous study.
CT is also an important imaging tool for assessing AL because it provides a more precise image of the anastomosis and peri-anastomotic structures compared with conventional radiology. A pelvic abscess close to the anastomosis is also considered AL according to the definition provided by ISREC, which indicates the diagnostic advantage of MRI and CT compared with CE. However, the sensitivity of CT scanning is unfavorable in some studies with values ranging from 14.8% to 68% [4, 12, 23]. The accuracy of CT in diagnosing AL is better when combined with CE. A retrospective study showed that contrast extravasation on CT was more often identified in the setting of a rectal anastomotic leak with a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 97%, respectively [13]. However, the quality of CE influences the diagnostic accuracy of the CT scan. It is possible that the bacteria in the bowel lumen could be flushed into the pelvis by RCE, which would exacerbate the intra-abdominal infection. We have experienced two patients who developed generalized peritonitis after RCE in clinical practice, although previous studies rarely mentioned this adverse event of RCE. In addition, the accurate assessment of AL for lower anastomoses with or without enteric contrast remains more difficult.
MRI has been widely recognized as the gold standard imaging modality for the assessment of anal fistula due to its high accuracy in discriminating the fistula and surrounding structure [14, 24]. Although colorectal anastomosis leakage is different from anal fistula pathologically, we explored the diagnostic value of MRI in AL, and the results showed the high accuracy of MRI. Compared with CT scans and RCE, MRI has no radiation hazards and exhibit better repeatability. According to previous studies, when CE was applied, the contrast medium was instilled through a catheter placed in the rectum just below the anastomosis, and then 50–100 ml contrast medium was infused [22]. It is difficult to follow this protocol in patients with low anastomosis, which leads to the poorer accuracy of CE following CT in specific patients. In our study, there were 16 patients with anastomosis smaller than 5 cm, and the diagnosis accuracy of MR was 93.7% (15/16).
Anzeige
Guy et al. compared MRI-enema with fluoroscopic water-soluble contrast enema in the assessment of pelvic intestinal anastomotic integrity and found that MRI-enema offers a more detailed assessment of anastomotic leakage, providing additional pelvic information and an equivalent patient experience [25]. Although patients received MRI examination without enema in our study, the accuracy was satisfactory. The procedure without enema was simple. The preparation time required for an enema was eliminated, and the complications caused by retrograde enema, which causes patient discomfort, were avoided.
Furthermore, CT involves radiation, so the procedure cannot be performed again in a short period of time to evaluate the anastomosis after therapy. However, CT is quick and readily available. On the other hand, according to the results of our study, T2WI with fat suppression was considered to have the best diagnostic value. This finding indicated that patients with suspected AL could receive T2WI with fat suppression imaging to reduce the scan time. However, when considering the cost-effectiveness of health economics, the feasibility of MRI in the assessment of AL required further study.
Limitations of our study include the small sample size, which might influence the true diagnostic accuracy of MR. Second, this is a single-center prospective observational study with a short study period. Finally, the diagnosis of AL was confirmed by consensus between surgeons and radiologists based on clinical, laboratory, and radiological data in some patients with atypical signs and symptoms of AL due to the lack of a gold standard to diagnose AL.
In conclusion, the accuracy of plain MRI examination without CE in the diagnosis of AL was favorable for patients with suspected AL. A multicenter prospective study with more samples is needed to further estimate the safety and feasibility of MRI in diagnosing AL.
Anzeige
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This prospective study was approved by the institutional review board of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital (2021KY136), and Informed Consent to participate were obtained from the all patients who were included in this study. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations in this study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Nach PCI besteht ein erhöhtes Blutungsrisiko, wenn die Behandelten eine verminderte linksventrikuläre Ejektionsfraktion aufweisen. Das Risiko ist umso höher, je stärker die Pumpfunktion eingeschränkt ist.
In einer Leseranfrage in der Zeitschrift Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology möchte ein anonymer Dermatologe bzw. eine anonyme Dermatologin wissen, ob er oder sie einen Patienten behandeln muss, der eine rassistische Tätowierung trägt.
Der Einsatz von Wundprotektoren bei offenen Eingriffen am unteren Gastrointestinaltrakt schützt vor Infektionen im Op.-Gebiet – und dient darüber hinaus der besseren Sicht. Das bestätigt mit großer Robustheit eine randomisierte Studie im Fachblatt JAMA Surgery.
Der belastende Arbeitsalltag wirkt sich negativ auf die psychische Gesundheit der Angehörigen ärztlicher Berufsgruppen aus. Chirurginnen und Chirurgen bilden da keine Ausnahme, im Gegenteil.
Update Chirurgie
Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletterund bleiben Sie gut informiert.
Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.
Das Webinar beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?
Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.
