Background
Methods
Patients
Intervention
Measures
Analysis
Bivariate | Multivariate | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariate | Correlation | Partial correlation | Explained variance | F change | Regression coefficient | Coefficient’s significance | ||
Pain relief: SF-36 bodily pain (explained variance: 54.6%) | ||||||||
Constant | -11.974 | 0.008 | ||||||
SF-36 | Bodily pain | Baseline | -0.477 | -0.598 | 22.8% | 49.8 | -0.651 | <0.001 |
CSQ | Decrease pain | Change | 0.345 | 0.281 | 9.6% | 23.8 | 0.184 | <0.001 |
CSQ | Decrease pain | Baseline | -0.044 | 0.165 | 6.2% | 16.7 | 0.131 | <0.001 |
HADS | Depression | Change | 0.278 | 0.180 | 3.9% | 11.2 | 0.162 | 0.001 |
SF-36 | Physical function | Change | 0.254 | 0.247 | 3.4% | 11.3 | 0.203 | 0.001 |
HADS | Depression | Baseline | 0.043 | 0.166 | 3.4% | 10.3 | 0.119 | 0.002 |
SF-36 | Physical function | Baseline | 0.039 | 0.283 | 2.0% | 6.4 | 0.245 | 0.013 |
SF-36 | Social functioning | Change | 0.316 | 0.155 | 1.3% | 4.7 | 0.078 | 0.032 |
Smoking | 0.135 | 0.183 | 1.3% | 4.4 | 4.335 | 0.038 | ||
Sports | Baseline | 0.143 | 0.134 | 0.8% | 2.9 | 1.358 | 0.090 | |
Functional improvement: NASS function (explained variance: 53.3%) | ||||||||
Constant | 14.587 | <0.001 | ||||||
CSQ | Catastrophizing | Change | 0.440 | 0.261 | 19.4% | 40.6 | 0.194 | <0.001 |
NASS | Function | Baseline | -0.373 | -0.537 | 11.4% | 27.8 | -0.482 | <0.001 |
NASS | Pain | Change | 0.378 | 0.390 | 11.3% | 32.6 | 0.235 | <0.001 |
NASS | Pain | Baseline | -0.084 | 0.264 | 5.9% | 18.9 | 0.177 | <0.001 |
HADS | Depression | Baseline | -0.078 | 0.215 | 2.0% | 6.7 | 0.133 | 0.006 |
HADS | Depression | Change | 0.440 | 0.279 | 1.9% | 6.2 | 0.222 | <0.001 |
Sex | 0.181 | 0.174 | 1.5% | 5.1 | 4.204 | 0.026 | ||
Working capacity improvement (explained variance: 61.6%) | ||||||||
Constant | 15.171 | <0.001 | ||||||
Working capacity | Baseline | -0.753 | -0.780 | 56.7% | 221.0 | -0.764 | <0.001 | |
NASS | Function | Baseline | 0.028 | 0.210 | 2.5% | 10.1 | 0.120 | 0.006 |
Age | -0.114 | -0.180 | 1.8% | 7.7 | -0.134 | 0.020 | ||
Comorbidities | -0.109 | -0.133 | 0.7% | 3.0 | -0.971 | 0.087 |
Bivariate | Multivariate | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariate | Correlation | Partial correlation | Explained variance | F change | Regression coefficient | Coefficient’s significance | ||
Pain relief: NASS pain (explained variance: 72.1%) | ||||||||
Constant | -8.114 | 0.269 | ||||||
NASS | Pain | Baseline | -0.595 | -0.734 | 35.5% | 53.570 | -0.860 | <0.001 |
NASS | Function | Change | 0.508 | 0.464 | 14.8% | 28.776 | 0.615 | <0.001 |
NASS | Function | Baseline | 0.052 | 0.509 | 13.8% | 36.854 | 0.665 | <0.001 |
HADS | Anxiety | Baseline | -0.109 | -0.311 | 2.6% | 7.243 | -0.257 | 0.008 |
Sports | Baseline | 0.149 | 0.197 | 1.5% | 4.692 | 2.510 | 0.033 | |
Working capacity | Baseline | 0.328 | 0.253 | 1.5% | 4.608 | 0.200 | 0.034 | |
CSQ | Catastrophizing | Change | 0.348 | 0.260 | 1.5% | 4.378 | 0.232 | 0.039 |
Smoking | -0.125 | -0.193 | 1.1% | 3.519 | -5.684 | 0.064 | ||
Functional improvement: SF-36 physical functioning (explained variance: 63.4%) | ||||||||
Constant | 30.492 | <0.001 | ||||||
HADS | Depression | Change | 0.453 | 0.461 | 20.5% | 24.976 | 0.361 | <0.001 |
SF-36 | Physical function | Baseline | -0.436 | -0.689 | 19.3% | 30.779 | -0.622 | <0.001 |
HADS | Depression | Baseline | 0.028 | 0.368 | 12.2% | 24.163 | 0.250 | <0.001 |
SF-36 | Bodily pain | Change | 0.445 | 0.431 | 6.6% | 14.929 | 0.303 | <0.001 |
SF-36 | Bodily pain | Baseline | -0.084 | 0.228 | 2.3% | 5.356 | 0.202 | 0.023 |
Age | -0.148 | -0.209 | 1.4% | 3.475 | -0.194 | 0.065 | ||
Sports | Baseline | -0.046 | 0.173 | 1.1% | 2.822 | 1.756 | 0.096 | |
Working capacity improvement (explained variance: 58.2%) | ||||||||
Constant | -0.358 | |||||||
Working capacity | Baseline | -0.526 | -0.686 | 27.7% | 37.166 | -0.881 | <0.001 | |
NASS | Pain | Change | 0.335 | 0.538 | 13.7% | 22.493 | 0.400 | <0.001 |
CSQ | Catastrophizing | Baseline | 0.173 | 0.243 | 5.7% | 10.142 | 0.186 | 0.002 |
Sports | Baseline | -0.054 | -0.291 | 3.7% | 7.848 | -3.668 | 0.006 | |
NASS | Pain | Baseline | -0.049 | 0.208 | 3.3% | 6.195 | 0.186 | 0.015 |
SF-36 | Physical function | Baseline | 0.159 | 0.282 | 2.3% | 4.600 | 0.227 | 0.035 |
Comorbidities | -0.063 | -0.202 | 1.8% | 3.863 | -2.184 | 0.052 |
Results
Female | 79.4% |
Living with partner/spouse | 72.0% |
Education | |
Basic school (8-9 years) | 7.6% |
Vocational training | 14.0% |
College | 52.3% |
High school/university | 26.1% |
Smoker | 36.3% |
Sports | |
None | |
<1 hour/week | |
1-2 hours/week | |
>2 h/w | |
Analgesic medication on admission | 61.1% |
Antidepressive medication on admission | 25.7% |
Comorbitities (n) | |
None | 16.0% |
1 | 34.9% |
2 | 29.7% |
3 | 13.7% |
4 or more | 5.7% |
Car accident | 78.9% |
Working capacity (hours/week) | |
0-5 | 43.4% |
6-10 | 5.7% |
11-15 | 10.8% |
16-20 | 9.7% |
21-25 | 10.8% |
26-30 | 6.8% |
31-35 | 5.2% |
36-40 | 3.5% |
41-45 | 3.5% |
46-50 | 0.6% |
Age (years): mean (SD) | 37.4 (11.7) |
Disease duration (months): mean (SD) | 13.3 (10.7) |
Body mass index: mean (SD) | 24.3 (4.7) |
Admission → discharge (n = 175) | Admission → 6 month follow-up (n = 103) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Norm mean | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ES | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ES | ||
SF-36
| Physical functioning | 87.3 | 55.8 (17.7) | 67.0 (18.0) | 0.63* | 55.7 (18.3) | 70.5 (18.9) | 0.81* |
Bodily pain | 62.9 | 21.0 (14.0) | 29.5 (15.7) | 0.61* | 21.4 (14.3) | 30.4 (20.9) | 0.63* | |
Social functioning | 83.9 | 42.5 (26.1) | 47.0 (25.7) | 0.17* | 45.3 (25.8) | 50.7 (25.9) | 0.21 | |
NASS
| Function | - | 59.2 (15.2) | 62.6 (16.5) | 0.22* | 59.8 (15.3) | 66.1 (18.5) | 0.41* |
Pain | - | 17.5 (17.6) | 28.3 (22.5) | 0.61* | 17.7 (19.1) | 26.3 (21.2) | 0.45* | |
HADS
| Depression | 81.6 | 62.3 (19.8) | 67.3 (20.5) | 0.25* | 63.8 (20.4) | 66.5 (22.1) | 0.13 |
Anxiety | 77.8 | 61.9 (19.1) | 62.8 (20.3) | 0.05 | 63.3 (19.1) | 66.2 (21.0) | 0.15 | |
CSQ
| Catastrophizing | - | 58.9 (18.7) | 66.0 (20.5) | 0.38* | 60.1 (19.2) | 66.4 (22.5) | 0.33* |
Activity level | - | 62.4 (15.4) | 64.3 (15.0) | 0.12 | 64.6 (14.6) | 66.4 (14.7) | 0.12 | |
Control pain | - | 44.6 (20.0) | 48.1 (20.6) | 0.18* | 45.0 (19.6) | 50.5 (20.5) | 0.28* | |
Decrease pain | - | 42.1 (18.5) | 47.0 (19.7) | 0.26* | 43.2 (18.1) | 46.0 (19.2) | 0.15 | |
Work
| Working capacity (h/w) | - | 13.3 (13.7) | 18.9 (9.6) | 0.40* | 15.6 (14.2) | 7.0 (19.4) | 0.61* |