Background
Methods
Subjects
Determination of anthropometric clinical and metabolic parameters
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical features of T2DM and MS subjects
Subjects | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Control (n = 208) group A | MS without T2DM (n = 174) group B | T2DM without MS (n = 171) group C | T2DM with MS (n = 256) group D | F-test; P-value (A vs. B vs. C vs. D) |
Ethnics (Malay/Chinese/Indian) | 75/73/60 C* | 62/54/58 NS | 43/62/66 A*, D** | 101/75/80 C** | 11.350; 0.0780 |
Ages (years) | 55 (54, 56) D* | 54 (53, 55) NS | 55 (54, 56) D* | 53 (52, 54) A*, C* | 2.174; 0.0897 |
Diabetic medication (oral/injection) | NA | NA | 157/14 | 197/59 | NA |
Duration of diabetes (years) | NA | NA | 9 (8, 10) | 8 (7, 9) | NA |
Family history of diabetes (yes/no) | 0/208 | 45/129 | 107/64 | 166/90 | NA |
Hypertension (yes/no) | 0/208 | 123/51 | 13/158 | 219/37 | NA |
Dyslipidemia (yes/no) | 0/208 | 174/0 | 0/171 | 244/12 | NA |
Smoking (yes/no) | 39/169 | 48/126 | 55/116 | 91/165 | NA |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.39 (23.92, 24.87) | 27.18 (26.69, 27.69) | 24.13 (23.60, 24.67) | 28.32 (27.84, 28.78) | 66.309; 2.56 × 10-38 |
B***, D*** | A***, C***, D** | B***, D*** | A***, B**, C*** | ||
Waist (cm) | 89 (88, 90) | 96 (95, 97) | 90 (88, 91) | 100 (99, 102) | 91.987; 3.49 × 10-51 |
B***, D*** | A***, C***, D*** | B***, D*** | A***, B***, C*** | ||
WHR | 0.898 (0.891, 0.904) | 0.929 (0.921, 0.938) | 0.914 (0.907, 0.922) | 0.952 (0.946, 0.957) | 50.414; 7.33 × 10-30 |
B***, C***, D*** | A***, C*, D*** | A**, B*, D*** | A***, B***, C*** | ||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133 (130, 135) | 143 (140, 145) | 129 (127, 131) | 136 (134, 138) | 21.188; 3.23 × 10-13 |
B***, C*, D* | A***, C***, D*** | A*, B***, D*** | A*, B***, C*** | ||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 83 (81, 84) | 88 (87, 90) | 79 (78, 80) | 83 (81, 84) | 30.591; 9.87 × 10-19 |
B***, C*** | A***, C***, D*** | A***, B***, D*** | B***, C*** |
Subjects | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Control (n = 208) group A | MS without T2DM (n = 174) group B | T2DM without MS (n = 171) group C | T2DM with MS (n = 256) group D | F-test; P-value (A vs. B vs. C vs. D) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.03 (4.91, 5.14) | 5.16 (5.03, 5.29) | 4.68 (4.52, 4.85) | 4.64 (4.50, 4.78) | 12.412; 6.10 × 10-8 |
C***, D*** | C***, D*** | A***, B*** | A***, B*** | ||
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.28 (1.25, 1.31) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.10) | 1.26 (1.22, 1.29) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 62.822; 1.70 × 10-36 |
B***, D*** | A***, C*** | B***, D*** | A***, C*** | ||
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.14 (3.03, 3.26) | 3.09 (2.95, 3.25) | 2.88 (2.73, 3.04) | 2.69 (2.57, 2.81) | 10.656; 7.11 × 10-7 |
C**, D*** | C*, D*** | A**, B* | A***, B*** | ||
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.31 (1.25, 1.37) | 2.20 (2.07, 2.34) | 1.20 (1.12, 1.27) | 2.02 (1.89, 2.16) | 68.292; 2.40 × 10-39 |
B***, C*, D*** | A***, C*** | A*, B***, D*** | A***, C*** | ||
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.13 (5.05, 5.23) | 5.51 (5.39, 5.63) | 8.04 (7.60, 8.50) | 8.26 (7.94, 8.60) | 118.021; 2.46 × 10-63 |
B***, C***, D*** | A***, C***, D*** | A***, B*** | A***, B*** | ||
HbA1C (%) | 5.63 (5.57, 5.69) | 5.82 (5.76, 5.89) | 8.07 (7.78, 8.36) | 8.09 (7.90, 8.28) | 225.382; 4.32 × 10-106 |
B***, C***, D*** | A***, C***, D*** | A***, B*** | A***, B*** | ||
Insulin (μU/mL) | 10.99 (10.05, 11.97) | 19.94 (16.95, 23.42) | 14.86 (12.76, 17.04) | 24.32 (20.85, 27.95) | 15.096; 1.45 × 10-9 |
B***, C**, D*** | A***, C* | A**, B*, D** | A***, C** |
Serum adiponectin levels
Variables | Adiponectin (μg/mL) (n = 809) | Resistin (ng/mL) (n = 809) | AR Index (n = 809) |
---|---|---|---|
Ages (years) | r = +0.1347 | r = +0.0422 | r = -0.0380 |
P = 1.22 × 10-4*** | P = 0.2299 | P = 0.2794 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | r = -0.1480 | r = + 0.1266 | r = + 0.1753 |
P = 2.38 × 10-5 *** | P = 3.08 × 10-4 *** | P = 5.27 × 10-7 *** | |
Waist (cm) | r = -0.2126 | r = +0.2104 | r = +0.2694 |
P = 1.01 × 10-9 *** | P = 1.50 × 10-9 *** | P = 6.35 × 10-15*** | |
WHR | r = -0.1765 | r = + 0.1911 | r = + 0.2370 |
P = 4.39 × 10-7 *** | P = 4.33 × 10-8 *** | P = 8.67 × 10-12 *** | |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | r = + 0.0323 | r = + 0.0564 | r = + 0.0170 |
P = 0.3586 | P = 0.1088 | P = 0.6285 | |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | r = + 0.0355 | r = -0.0398 | r = -0.0591 |
P = 0.3131 | P = 0.2587 | P = 0.0931 | |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | r = +0.0696 | r = -0.0648 | r = -0.0947 |
P = 0.0478 * | P = 0.0654 | P = 0.0070 ** | |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | r = +0.3341 | r = -0.1065 | r = -0.2658 |
P = 1.53 × 10-22 *** | P = 0.0024 ** | P = 1.50 × 10-14 *** | |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | r = +0.0618 | r = -0.0610 | r = -0.0849 |
P = 0.0791 | P = 0.0829 | P = 0.0157 * | |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | r = -0.2072 | r = +0.0358 | r = +0.1349 |
P = 2.70 × 10-9 *** | P = 0.3093 | P = 1.18 × 10-4 *** | |
Glucose (mmol/L) | r = -0.1725 | r = +0.3077 | r = +0.3279 |
P = 8.00 × 10-7 *** | P = 3.36 × 10-19 *** | P = 9.81 × 10-22 *** | |
HbA1C (%) | r = -0.2254 | r = + 0.3291 | r = + 0.3716 |
P = 8.97 × 10-11 *** | P = 6.84 × 10-22 *** | P = 6.82 × 10-28 *** | |
Insulin (μU/mL) | r = -0.2374 | r = + 0.1598 | r = + 0.2395 |
P = 8.00 × 10-12 *** | P = 4.94 × 10-6 ** | P = 5.11 × 10-12 *** | |
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | NA | r = -0.1053 | NA |
NA | P = 0.0027 ** | NA | |
Resistin (ng/mL) | r = -0.1053 | NA | NA |
P = 0.0027 ** | NA | NA |
Insulin resistance indexes | Adiponectin (μg/mL) (n = 809) | Resistin (ng/mL) (n = 809) | AR index (n = 809) |
---|---|---|---|
HOMA-IR index | r = -0.2639 | r = +0.2615 | r = +0.3355 |
P = 2.37 × 10-14 *** | P = 4.04 × 10-14 *** | P = 9.73 × 10-23 *** | |
QUICKI | r = +0.2736 | r = -0.2844 | r = -0.3530 |
P = 1.41 × 10-16 *** | P = 1.63 × 10-16 *** | P = 3.71 × 10-25 *** | |
Bennett index | r = +0.2690 | r = -0.2704 | r = -0.3463 |
P = 7.36 × 10-15 *** | P = 5.27 × 10-15 *** | P = 3.57 × 10-24 *** | |
McAuley (1) index | r = +0.2824 | r = -0.1253 | r = -0.2408 |
P = 2.67 × 10-16 *** | P = 3.54 × 10-4 *** | P = 3.92 × 10-12 *** | |
McAuley (2) index | r = +0.2799 | r = -0.1355 | r = -0.2481 |
P = 5.03 × 10-16 *** | P = 1.11 × 10-4 *** | P = 8.14 × 10-13 *** |
Serum resistin levels
Adiponectin-resistin interaction
Multivariate test | Value | F | Hypothesis df | Error df | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pillai's trace | 0.201 | 29.920 | 6 | 1608 | 3.70 × 10-34 *** |
Wilks' lambda | 0.803 | 31.050 | 6 | 1606 | 1.90 × 10-35 *** |
Hotelling's trace | 0.241 | 32.182 | 6 | 1604 | 9.76 × 10-37 *** |
Roy's largest root | 0.219 | 58.779 | 3 | 804 | 2.32 × 10-34 *** |
Formulation of the adiponectin-resistin (AR) index
Evaluation of the adiponectin-resistin (AR) index
Formulation of the insulin resistance (IRAR) index
Evaluation of the insulin resistance (IRAR) index
Subjects | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin resistance indexes | Control (n = 208) group A | MS without T2DM (n = 174) group B | T2DM without MS (n = 171) group C | T2DM with MS (n = 256) group D | F-test; P-value (A vs. B vs. C vs. D) |
HOMA-IR index | 2.546 (2.317, 2.779) ) | 5.038 (4.334, 5.923) | 5.066 (4.367, 5.968) | 8.706 (7.476, 10.183) | 26.447; 2.55 × 10-16 |
B***, C***, D*** | A***, D*** | A***, D*** | A***, B***, C*** | ||
QUICKI | 0.346 (0.342, 0.351) | 0.317 (0.313, 0.320) | 0.319 (0.314, 0.324) | 0.296 (0.293, 0.299) | 103.892; 7.62 × 10-57 |
B***, C***, D*** | A***, D*** | A***, D*** | A***, B***, C*** | ||
Bennett index | 0.309 (0.293, 0.327) | 0.228 (0.220, 0.237) | 0.240 (0.224, 0.257) | 0.181 (0.175, 0.186) | 76.614; 1.38 × 10-43 |
B***, C***, D*** | A***, D*** | A***, D*** | A***, B***, C*** | ||
McAuley (1) index | 7.235 (7.009, 7.474) | 5.305 (5.151, 5.475) | 7.095 (6.845, 7.375) | 5.347 (5.187, 5.518) | 105.878; 9.02 × 10-58 |
B***, D*** | A***, C*** | B***, D*** | A***, C*** | ||
McAuley (2) index | 7.447 (7.227, 7.664) | 5.496 (5.326, 5.651) | 7.331 (7.103, 7.580) | 5.486 (5.336, 5.627) | 120.944; 1.20 × 10-64 |
B***, D*** | A***, C*** | B***, D*** | A***, C*** | ||
IRAR index | 3.401 (3.265, 3.538) | 4.132 (3.955, 4.305) | 4.604 (4.403, 4.791) | 5.455 (5.305, 5.612) | 117.190; 5.84 × 10-63 |
B***, C***, D*** | A***, C**, D*** | A***, B**, D*** | A***, B***, C*** |