Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Oncology Reports 11/2019

01.11.2019 | Melanoma (RJ Sullivan, Section Editor)

Novel Immunotherapy Combinations

verfasst von: Babar Bashir, Melissa A. Wilson

Erschienen in: Current Oncology Reports | Ausgabe 11/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The last decade witnessed an explosion in immunotherapeutic agent approvals for various malignancies. The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1) in melanoma quickly sprung to other cancer types and are considered the emerging face of oncology.

Recent Findings

Antibodies to CTLA-4 were first to enter the field, quickly followed by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Combination anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies were investigated, and after demonstrating improved responses, rapidly gained approval. Certain tumor types previously considered non-immunogenic also demonstrated durable responses which has been a remarkable discovery. However, not all tumor types respond to immunotherapies and it is widely recognized that tumor-specific immune inflammatory status predicts the best responders. Ongoing translational work indicates specific upregulation in additional immune checkpoints that circumvent response to anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies.

Summary

Here, we provide a comprehensive review of promising therapies on the horizon with unique combinations designed to overcome resistance or expand the pool of treatment responders.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Serrone L, et al. Dacarbazine-based chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: thirty-year experience overview. (0392–9078 (Print)). Serrone L, et al. Dacarbazine-based chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: thirty-year experience overview. (0392–9078 (Print)).
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Middleton MR, et al. Randomized Phase III Study of Temozolomide Versus Dacarbazine in the Treatment of Patients With Advanced Metastatic Malignant Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(1):158.PubMedCrossRef Middleton MR, et al. Randomized Phase III Study of Temozolomide Versus Dacarbazine in the Treatment of Patients With Advanced Metastatic Malignant Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(1):158.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Flaherty KT, et al. Final results of E2603: A double-blind, randomized phase III trial comparing carboplatin (C)/paclitaxel (P) with or without sorafenib (S) in metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(15_suppl):8511.CrossRef Flaherty KT, et al. Final results of E2603: A double-blind, randomized phase III trial comparing carboplatin (C)/paclitaxel (P) with or without sorafenib (S) in metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(15_suppl):8511.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Hersh EM, et al. A randomized, controlled phase III trial of nab-Paclitaxel versus dacarbazine in chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(11):2267–74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hersh EM, et al. A randomized, controlled phase III trial of nab-Paclitaxel versus dacarbazine in chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(11):2267–74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Balch CM, et al. Final Version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System for Cutaneous Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(16):3635–48.PubMedCrossRef Balch CM, et al. Final Version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System for Cutaneous Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(16):3635–48.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Alva A, et al. Contemporary experience with high-dose interleukin-2 therapy and impact on survival in patients with metastatic melanoma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2016;65(12):1533–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Alva A, et al. Contemporary experience with high-dose interleukin-2 therapy and impact on survival in patients with metastatic melanoma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2016;65(12):1533–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Atkins MB, et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma: long-term survival update. (1081–4442 (Print)). Atkins MB, et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma: long-term survival update. (1081–4442 (Print)).
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Robert C, et al. Ipilimumab plus Dacarbazine for Previously Untreated Metastatic Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2517–26.PubMedCrossRef Robert C, et al. Ipilimumab plus Dacarbazine for Previously Untreated Metastatic Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2517–26.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat • Maio M, et al. Five-Year Survival Rates for Treatment-Naive Patients With Advanced Melanoma Who Received Ipilimumab Plus Dacarbazine in a Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(10):1191–6. Long-term follow-up of ipilimumab plus conventional chemotherapy demonstrating overall survival benefit. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Maio M, et al. Five-Year Survival Rates for Treatment-Naive Patients With Advanced Melanoma Who Received Ipilimumab Plus Dacarbazine in a Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(10):1191–6. Long-term follow-up of ipilimumab plus conventional chemotherapy demonstrating overall survival benefit. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat • Schadendorf D, et al. Pooled Analysis of Long-Term Survival Data From Phase II and Phase III Trials of Ipilimumab in Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(17):1889–94. Long-term pooled analysis of single-agent ipilimumab with overall survival benefit. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Schadendorf D, et al. Pooled Analysis of Long-Term Survival Data From Phase II and Phase III Trials of Ipilimumab in Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(17):1889–94. Long-term pooled analysis of single-agent ipilimumab with overall survival benefit. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat • Ascierto PA, et al. Ipilimumab 10 mg/kg versus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(5):611–22. High-dose vs. low-dose ipilimumab comparison demonstrating retention of efficacy but improvement in immune related adverse events. PubMedCrossRef • Ascierto PA, et al. Ipilimumab 10 mg/kg versus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(5):611–22. High-dose vs. low-dose ipilimumab comparison demonstrating retention of efficacy but improvement in immune related adverse events. PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Robert C, et al. Pembrolizumab versus Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(26):2521–32. This was a landmark study that placed pembrolizumab as a preferred immunotherapy option for patients with cutaneous melanomas. Not only improved survival outcomes were observed, immune related adverse events were more manageable with pembrolizumab compared to ipilimumab. PubMedCrossRef •• Robert C, et al. Pembrolizumab versus Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(26):2521–32. This was a landmark study that placed pembrolizumab as a preferred immunotherapy option for patients with cutaneous melanomas. Not only improved survival outcomes were observed, immune related adverse events were more manageable with pembrolizumab compared to ipilimumab. PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Schachter J, et al. Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab for advanced melanoma: final overall survival results of a multicentre, randomised, open-label phase 3 study (KEYNOTE-006). Lancet. 2017;390(10105):1853–62. Long-term follow-up of single-agent pembrolizumab vs. ipilimumab that continued to show improved survival outcomes with pembrolizumab. PubMedCrossRef •• Schachter J, et al. Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab for advanced melanoma: final overall survival results of a multicentre, randomised, open-label phase 3 study (KEYNOTE-006). Lancet. 2017;390(10105):1853–62. Long-term follow-up of single-agent pembrolizumab vs. ipilimumab that continued to show improved survival outcomes with pembrolizumab. PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat • Robert C, et al. Nivolumab in Previously Untreated Melanoma without BRAF Mutation. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(4):320–30. This study placed nivolumab in the frontline setting for treatment of metastatic cutaneous melanoma. PubMedCrossRef • Robert C, et al. Nivolumab in Previously Untreated Melanoma without BRAF Mutation. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(4):320–30. This study placed nivolumab in the frontline setting for treatment of metastatic cutaneous melanoma. PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Ascierto PA, et al. Survival Outcomes in Patients With Previously Untreated BRAF Wild-Type Advanced Melanoma Treated With Nivolumab Therapy: Three-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Phase 3 TrialNivolumab Monotherapy in Patients With Previously Untreated BRAF Wild-Type Advanced MelanomaNivolumab Monotherapy in Patients With Previously Untreated BRAF Wild-Type Advanced Melanoma. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(2):187–94. Three-year follow-up study of nivolumab in patients with BRAF wild type cutaneous melanomas demonstrating overall survival benefit. PubMedCrossRef •• Ascierto PA, et al. Survival Outcomes in Patients With Previously Untreated BRAF Wild-Type Advanced Melanoma Treated With Nivolumab Therapy: Three-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Phase 3 TrialNivolumab Monotherapy in Patients With Previously Untreated BRAF Wild-Type Advanced MelanomaNivolumab Monotherapy in Patients With Previously Untreated BRAF Wild-Type Advanced Melanoma. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(2):187–94. Three-year follow-up study of nivolumab in patients with BRAF wild type cutaneous melanomas demonstrating overall survival benefit. PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Larkin J, et al. Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):23–34. This study compared combination nivolumab plus ipilimumab and demonstrated feasibility of combination immunotherapy in the firstline treatment paradigm. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef •• Larkin J, et al. Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):23–34. This study compared combination nivolumab plus ipilimumab and demonstrated feasibility of combination immunotherapy in the firstline treatment paradigm. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Hodi FS, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipilimumab alone in advanced melanoma (CheckMate 067): 4-year outcomes of a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(11):1480–92. 4-year outcome data of combination nivolumab/ ipilimumab vs. ipilimumab alone with improved survival, however treatment related toxicities were observed more frequently in the combination arm. PubMedCrossRef •• Hodi FS, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipilimumab alone in advanced melanoma (CheckMate 067): 4-year outcomes of a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(11):1480–92. 4-year outcome data of combination nivolumab/ ipilimumab vs. ipilimumab alone with improved survival, however treatment related toxicities were observed more frequently in the combination arm. PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat • Coit DG, et al. Cutaneous Melanoma, Version 2.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. 2019;17(4):367. NCCN guideliens for cutaneous melanomas provide a comprehensive guidance to oncologist to choose evidence-based treatment. • Coit DG, et al. Cutaneous Melanoma, Version 2.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. 2019;17(4):367. NCCN guideliens for cutaneous melanomas provide a comprehensive guidance to oncologist to choose evidence-based treatment.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Coley WB. The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of erysipelas. With a report of ten original cases. 1893. (0009-921X (Print)). Coley WB. The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of erysipelas. With a report of ten original cases. 1893. (0009-921X (Print)).
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Qureshi OS, et al. Trans-Endocytosis of CD80 and CD86: A Molecular Basis for the Cell-Extrinsic Function of CTLA-4. Science. 2011;332(6029):600–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Qureshi OS, et al. Trans-Endocytosis of CD80 and CD86: A Molecular Basis for the Cell-Extrinsic Function of CTLA-4. Science. 2011;332(6029):600–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat • Syn NL, et al. De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(12):e731–41. This study provides novel insights into mechanisms underlying de novo or acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. PubMedCrossRef • Syn NL, et al. De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(12):e731–41. This study provides novel insights into mechanisms underlying de novo or acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohigashi Y, et al. Clinical Significance of Programmed Death-1 Ligand-1 and Programmed Death-1 Ligand-2 Expression in Human Esophageal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(8):2947–53.PubMedCrossRef Ohigashi Y, et al. Clinical Significance of Programmed Death-1 Ligand-1 and Programmed Death-1 Ligand-2 Expression in Human Esophageal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(8):2947–53.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat • Alsaab HO, et al. PD-1 and PD-L1 Checkpoint Signaling Inhibition for Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanism, Combinations, and Clinical Outcome. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8(561) A comprehensive review of anti-PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment landscape for various cancers. • Alsaab HO, et al. PD-1 and PD-L1 Checkpoint Signaling Inhibition for Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanism, Combinations, and Clinical Outcome. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8(561) A comprehensive review of anti-PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment landscape for various cancers.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Oleinika K, et al. Suppression, subversion and escape: the role of regulatory T cells in cancer progression. Clin Exp Immunol. 2013;171(1):36–45.PubMedCrossRef Oleinika K, et al. Suppression, subversion and escape: the role of regulatory T cells in cancer progression. Clin Exp Immunol. 2013;171(1):36–45.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat • Marin-Acevedo JA, et al. Next generation of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer: new developments and challenges. J Hematol Oncol. 2018;11(1):39. A comprehensive review of emerging treatment combinations in the immuno-oncology field. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Marin-Acevedo JA, et al. Next generation of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer: new developments and challenges. J Hematol Oncol. 2018;11(1):39. A comprehensive review of emerging treatment combinations in the immuno-oncology field. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat • Sharma P, Allison JP. The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science. 2015;348(6230):56–61. A state-of-the-art review outlining the future of immune checkpoint therapies for various cancers. PubMedCrossRef • Sharma P, Allison JP. The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science. 2015;348(6230):56–61. A state-of-the-art review outlining the future of immune checkpoint therapies for various cancers. PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat • Maruhashi T, et al. LAG-3 inhibits the activation of CD4+ T cells that recognize stable pMHCII through its conformation-dependent recognition of pMHCII. Nat Immunol. 2018;19(12):1415–26. This study explored the mechanisms of LAG-3 as an immune checkpoint inhibitor. PubMedCrossRef • Maruhashi T, et al. LAG-3 inhibits the activation of CD4+ T cells that recognize stable pMHCII through its conformation-dependent recognition of pMHCII. Nat Immunol. 2018;19(12):1415–26. This study explored the mechanisms of LAG-3 as an immune checkpoint inhibitor. PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Ascierto PA, et al. Initial efficacy of anti-lymphocyte activation gene-3 (anti–LAG-3; BMS-986016) in combination with nivolumab (nivo) in pts with melanoma (MEL) previously treated with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15_suppl):9520. This early phase study of anti-LAG-3 antibody in combination with nivolumab demonstrated promising activity in cutaneous melanomas who are heavily pretreated with anti-PD-1 therapies. CrossRef •• Ascierto PA, et al. Initial efficacy of anti-lymphocyte activation gene-3 (anti–LAG-3; BMS-986016) in combination with nivolumab (nivo) in pts with melanoma (MEL) previously treated with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15_suppl):9520. This early phase study of anti-LAG-3 antibody in combination with nivolumab demonstrated promising activity in cutaneous melanomas who are heavily pretreated with anti-PD-1 therapies. CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat • Du W, et al. TIM-3 as a Target for Cancer Immunotherapy and Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(3):645. This study provides insights into the mechanism of TIM-3 as an immune checkpoint inhibitor. PubMedCentralCrossRef • Du W, et al. TIM-3 as a Target for Cancer Immunotherapy and Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(3):645. This study provides insights into the mechanism of TIM-3 as an immune checkpoint inhibitor. PubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Manieri NA, Chiang EY, Grogan JL. TIGIT: A Key Inhibitor of the Cancer Immunity Cycle. Trends Immunol. 2017;38(1):20–8.PubMedCrossRef Manieri NA, Chiang EY, Grogan JL. TIGIT: A Key Inhibitor of the Cancer Immunity Cycle. Trends Immunol. 2017;38(1):20–8.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Mulati K, et al. VISTA expressed in tumour cells regulates T cell function. Br J Cancer. 2019;120(1):115–27.PubMedCrossRef Mulati K, et al. VISTA expressed in tumour cells regulates T cell function. Br J Cancer. 2019;120(1):115–27.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat • Picarda E, Ohaegbulam KC, Zang X. Molecular Pathways: Targeting B7-H3 (CD276) for Human Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(14):3425–31. This study outlines the mechanism by which B7-H3 achieves immune evasion. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Picarda E, Ohaegbulam KC, Zang X. Molecular Pathways: Targeting B7-H3 (CD276) for Human Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(14):3425–31. This study outlines the mechanism by which B7-H3 achieves immune evasion. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Powderly J, et al. Interim results of an ongoing Phase I, dose escalation study of MGA271 (Fc-optimized humanized anti-B7-H3 monoclonal antibody) in patients with refractory B7-H3-expressing neoplasms or neoplasms whose vasculature expresses B7-H3. J Immunother Cancer. 2015;3(2):O8.PubMedCentralCrossRef Powderly J, et al. Interim results of an ongoing Phase I, dose escalation study of MGA271 (Fc-optimized humanized anti-B7-H3 monoclonal antibody) in patients with refractory B7-H3-expressing neoplasms or neoplasms whose vasculature expresses B7-H3. J Immunother Cancer. 2015;3(2):O8.PubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat • Vijayan D, et al. Targeting immunosuppressive adenosine in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2017;17:709. A state-of-the-art review of adenosinergic pathway and how it promotes immunosuppressive milieu in the tumor microenvironment. PubMedCrossRef • Vijayan D, et al. Targeting immunosuppressive adenosine in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2017;17:709. A state-of-the-art review of adenosinergic pathway and how it promotes immunosuppressive milieu in the tumor microenvironment. PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat • Willingham SB, et al. A2AR Antagonism with CPI-444 Induces Antitumor Responses and Augments Efficacy to Anti–PD-(L)1 and Anti–CTLA-4 in Preclinical Models. Cancer Immunol Res. 2018;6(10):1136–49. A preclinical study of CPI-444, an inhibitor of adenosine pathway that places it as an attractive immunotherapy target. PubMedCrossRef • Willingham SB, et al. A2AR Antagonism with CPI-444 Induces Antitumor Responses and Augments Efficacy to Anti–PD-(L)1 and Anti–CTLA-4 in Preclinical Models. Cancer Immunol Res. 2018;6(10):1136–49. A preclinical study of CPI-444, an inhibitor of adenosine pathway that places it as an attractive immunotherapy target. PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat • Emens L, et al. Abstract CT119: CPI-444, an oral adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) antagonist, demonstrates clinical activity in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Res. 2017;77(13 Supplement):CT119. An early phase clinical study of CPI-444, an inhibitor of adenosine pathway with evidence of preliminary efficacy. • Emens L, et al. Abstract CT119: CPI-444, an oral adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) antagonist, demonstrates clinical activity in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Res. 2017;77(13 Supplement):CT119. An early phase clinical study of CPI-444, an inhibitor of adenosine pathway with evidence of preliminary efficacy.
48.
Zurück zum Zitat • Aspeslagh S, et al. Rationale for anti-OX40 cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2016;52:50–66. A review of anti-OX-40 agonistic approach to enhance immune destruction of cancers. PubMedCrossRef • Aspeslagh S, et al. Rationale for anti-OX40 cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2016;52:50–66. A review of anti-OX-40 agonistic approach to enhance immune destruction of cancers. PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat • Willoughby J, et al. OX40: Structure and function – What questions remain? Mol Immunol. 2017;83:13–22. A comprehensive review of OX-40, its biology and clinical application. PubMedCrossRef • Willoughby J, et al. OX40: Structure and function – What questions remain? Mol Immunol. 2017;83:13–22. A comprehensive review of OX-40, its biology and clinical application. PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheuk ATC, Mufti GJ, Guinn B-a. Role of 4-1BB:4-1BB ligand in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther. 2003;11:215.CrossRef Cheuk ATC, Mufti GJ, Guinn B-a. Role of 4-1BB:4-1BB ligand in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther. 2003;11:215.CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat • Bartkowiak T, Curran MA. 4-1BB Agonists: Multi-Potent Potentiators of Tumor Immunity. Front Oncol. 2015:5(117). This review provides rationale for 4-1BB agonsit therapy as a promising anti-tumor immunotherapy. • Bartkowiak T, Curran MA. 4-1BB Agonists: Multi-Potent Potentiators of Tumor Immunity. Front Oncol. 2015:5(117). This review provides rationale for 4-1BB agonsit therapy as a promising anti-tumor immunotherapy.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat • Hamid O, et al. First in human (FIH) study of an OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody (mAb) PF-04518600 (PF-8600) in adult patients (pts) with select advanced solid tumors: Preliminary safety and pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic results. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15_suppl):3079. A first-in-human study of OX40 agonist with early evidence of clinical activity. CrossRef • Hamid O, et al. First in human (FIH) study of an OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody (mAb) PF-04518600 (PF-8600) in adult patients (pts) with select advanced solid tumors: Preliminary safety and pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic results. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15_suppl):3079. A first-in-human study of OX40 agonist with early evidence of clinical activity. CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Nocentini G, Riccardi C. GITR: a multifaceted regulator of immunity belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35(4):1016–22.PubMedCrossRef Nocentini G, Riccardi C. GITR: a multifaceted regulator of immunity belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35(4):1016–22.PubMedCrossRef
59.
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Elgueta R, et al. Molecular mechanism and function of CD40/CD40L engagement in the immune system. Immunol Rev. 2009;229(1):152–72.PubMedCrossRef Elgueta R, et al. Molecular mechanism and function of CD40/CD40L engagement in the immune system. Immunol Rev. 2009;229(1):152–72.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Harriet Kluger SAW, Olszanski AJ, Schuchter L, Linette GP, Garland L, Iannotti NO, Johnson M, Avsar E, Srivastava MK, Trifan OC, Edelman MJ. Phase Ib/II of CD40 agonistic antibody APX005M in combination with nivolumab (nivo) in subjects with metastatic melanoma (M) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). in 110th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2019. Atlanta, GA: AACR; 2019. Abstract nr {CT089 / 13}. This abstract was recently presented at 2019 AACR annual meeting and shows promising early clinical activity of APX005M, a novel CD40 agonist in combination with nivolumab. •• Harriet Kluger SAW, Olszanski AJ, Schuchter L, Linette GP, Garland L, Iannotti NO, Johnson M, Avsar E, Srivastava MK, Trifan OC, Edelman MJ. Phase Ib/II of CD40 agonistic antibody APX005M in combination with nivolumab (nivo) in subjects with metastatic melanoma (M) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). in 110th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2019. Atlanta, GA: AACR; 2019. Abstract nr {CT089 / 13}. This abstract was recently presented at 2019 AACR annual meeting and shows promising early clinical activity of APX005M, a novel CD40 agonist in combination with nivolumab.
64.
Zurück zum Zitat • Spranger S, Bao R, Gajewski TF. Melanoma-intrinsic β-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity. Nature. 2015;523:231. This study provides the molecular basis of immune evasion due to gain-of-funciton β-catenin mutations in cancers. PubMedCrossRef • Spranger S, Bao R, Gajewski TF. Melanoma-intrinsic β-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity. Nature. 2015;523:231. This study provides the molecular basis of immune evasion due to gain-of-funciton β-catenin mutations in cancers. PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat • Chen DS, Mellman I. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature. 2017;541(7637):321–30. This state-of-the art review provides overview of mechanisms involving tumor evasion of immunotherapies. PubMedCrossRef • Chen DS, Mellman I. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature. 2017;541(7637):321–30. This state-of-the art review provides overview of mechanisms involving tumor evasion of immunotherapies. PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat • Grasso CS, et al. Genetic Mechanisms of Immune Evasion in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Discov. 2018;8(6):730–49. This recent study provides molecular basis of immune evasion in colorectal cancers due to ligand-independent activation of WNT canonical signaling and how it promotes immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Grasso CS, et al. Genetic Mechanisms of Immune Evasion in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Discov. 2018;8(6):730–49. This recent study provides molecular basis of immune evasion in colorectal cancers due to ligand-independent activation of WNT canonical signaling and how it promotes immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat • Mariathasan S, et al. TGFβ attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells. Nature. 2018;554:544. A detailed review of how TGF-β exerts its immunosuppressive phenotype. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Mariathasan S, et al. TGFβ attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells. Nature. 2018;554:544. A detailed review of how TGF-β exerts its immunosuppressive phenotype. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat • Germano G, et al. Inactivation of DNA repair triggers neoantigen generation and impairs tumour growth. Nature. 2017;552:116. This study synthesizes available evidence outlining the mechanism of immune responsiveness in tumors with deficient DNA mismatch repair pathways. PubMedCrossRef • Germano G, et al. Inactivation of DNA repair triggers neoantigen generation and impairs tumour growth. Nature. 2017;552:116. This study synthesizes available evidence outlining the mechanism of immune responsiveness in tumors with deficient DNA mismatch repair pathways. PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Le DT, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade. Science. 2017;357(6349):409–13. This study led to the approval of pembrolizumab in tumors with deficient mismatch repair, this was the first tissue-agnostic approval of any drug. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef •• Le DT, et al. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade. Science. 2017;357(6349):409–13. This study led to the approval of pembrolizumab in tumors with deficient mismatch repair, this was the first tissue-agnostic approval of any drug. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Ott PA, et al. Abstract CT125: A personal neoantigen vaccine, NEO-PV-01, with anti-PD1 induces broad <em>de novo</em> anti-tumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma, NSCLC, and bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 2018;78(13 Supplement):CT125. This early phase study provides convincing evidence that a personalized neoantigen vaccine administration leads to improved responsiveness to nivolumab. •• Ott PA, et al. Abstract CT125: A personal neoantigen vaccine, NEO-PV-01, with anti-PD1 induces broad <em>de novo</em> anti-tumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma, NSCLC, and bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 2018;78(13 Supplement):CT125. This early phase study provides convincing evidence that a personalized neoantigen vaccine administration leads to improved responsiveness to nivolumab.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat • Chesney J, et al. Randomized, Open-Label Phase II Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Talimogene Laherparepvec in Combination With Ipilimumab Versus Ipilimumab Alone in Patients With Advanced, Unresectable Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(17):1658–67. This study tested the combination of oncolytic virus, T-VEC with ipilimumab in cutaneous melanomas and showed promising early evidence of activity of this combination. PubMedCrossRef • Chesney J, et al. Randomized, Open-Label Phase II Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Talimogene Laherparepvec in Combination With Ipilimumab Versus Ipilimumab Alone in Patients With Advanced, Unresectable Melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(17):1658–67. This study tested the combination of oncolytic virus, T-VEC with ipilimumab in cutaneous melanomas and showed promising early evidence of activity of this combination. PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Long GV, et al. Efficacy analysis of MASTERKEY-265 phase 1b study of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and pembrolizumab (pembro) for unresectable stage IIIB-IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15_suppl):9568. This study tested the combination of oncolytic virus (T-VEC) with pembrolizumab with impressive response rates leading to initiation of a phase III study of this novel combination (KEYNOTE-034). CrossRef •• Long GV, et al. Efficacy analysis of MASTERKEY-265 phase 1b study of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and pembrolizumab (pembro) for unresectable stage IIIB-IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15_suppl):9568. This study tested the combination of oncolytic virus (T-VEC) with pembrolizumab with impressive response rates leading to initiation of a phase III study of this novel combination (KEYNOTE-034). CrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat • Wang M, et al. Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis. J Cancer. 2017;8(5):761–73. This review outlines the molecular mechanisms for immune evasion due to tumor microenvironment. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Wang M, et al. Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis. J Cancer. 2017;8(5):761–73. This review outlines the molecular mechanisms for immune evasion due to tumor microenvironment. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat • Hamidi H, Ivaska J. Every step of the way: integrins in cancer progression and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18(9):533–48. This comprehensive review outlines the role of integrins in cancer progression and metastasis. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Hamidi H, Ivaska J. Every step of the way: integrins in cancer progression and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18(9):533–48. This comprehensive review outlines the role of integrins in cancer progression and metastasis. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat • Dewhirst MW, Secomb TW. Transport of drugs from blood vessels to tumour tissue. Nat Rev Cancer. 2017;17:738. This study provides a review of neovascularization in tumors that determines vascular access to chemo or immunotherapy drugs. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Dewhirst MW, Secomb TW. Transport of drugs from blood vessels to tumour tissue. Nat Rev Cancer. 2017;17:738. This study provides a review of neovascularization in tumors that determines vascular access to chemo or immunotherapy drugs. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat • Corbet C, Feron O. Tumour acidosis: from the passenger to the driver's seat. Nat Rev Cancer. 2017;17:577. This review outlines the mechanims by which selective tumor hypoxia promotes tumor acidosis leading to resistance to therapies. PubMedCrossRef • Corbet C, Feron O. Tumour acidosis: from the passenger to the driver's seat. Nat Rev Cancer. 2017;17:577. This review outlines the mechanims by which selective tumor hypoxia promotes tumor acidosis leading to resistance to therapies. PubMedCrossRef
78.
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Orimo A, et al. Stromal Fibroblasts Present in Invasive Human Breast Carcinomas Promote Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis through Elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 Secretion. Cell. 2005;121(3):335–48.PubMedCrossRef Orimo A, et al. Stromal Fibroblasts Present in Invasive Human Breast Carcinomas Promote Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis through Elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 Secretion. Cell. 2005;121(3):335–48.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Olumi AF, et al. Carcinoma-associated Fibroblasts Direct Tumor Progression of Initiated Human Prostatic Epithelium. Cancer Res. 1999;59(19):5002–11.PubMed Olumi AF, et al. Carcinoma-associated Fibroblasts Direct Tumor Progression of Initiated Human Prostatic Epithelium. Cancer Res. 1999;59(19):5002–11.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Busch S, et al. TGF-beta receptor type-2 expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts regulates breast cancer cell growth and survival and is a prognostic marker in pre-menopausal breast cancer. Oncogene. 2013;34:27.PubMedCrossRef Busch S, et al. TGF-beta receptor type-2 expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts regulates breast cancer cell growth and survival and is a prognostic marker in pre-menopausal breast cancer. Oncogene. 2013;34:27.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Angell H, Galon J. From the immune contexture to the Immunoscore: the role of prognostic and predictive immune markers in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol. 2013;25(2):261–7.PubMedCrossRef Angell H, Galon J. From the immune contexture to the Immunoscore: the role of prognostic and predictive immune markers in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol. 2013;25(2):261–7.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Butt AQ, Mills KHG. Immunosuppressive networks and checkpoints controlling antitumor immunity and their blockade in the development of cancer immunotherapeutics and vaccines. Oncogene. 2013;33:4623.PubMedCrossRef Butt AQ, Mills KHG. Immunosuppressive networks and checkpoints controlling antitumor immunity and their blockade in the development of cancer immunotherapeutics and vaccines. Oncogene. 2013;33:4623.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Baruch K, et al. Breaking immune tolerance by targeting Foxp3+ regulatory T cells mitigates Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7967.PubMedCrossRef Baruch K, et al. Breaking immune tolerance by targeting Foxp3+ regulatory T cells mitigates Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7967.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Parker KH, et al. HMGB1 Enhances Immune Suppression by Facilitating the Differentiation and Suppressive Activity of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Cancer Res. 2014;74(20):5723–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Parker KH, et al. HMGB1 Enhances Immune Suppression by Facilitating the Differentiation and Suppressive Activity of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Cancer Res. 2014;74(20):5723–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Ostuni R, et al. Macrophages and cancer: from mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Trends Immunol. 2015;36(4):229–39.PubMedCrossRef Ostuni R, et al. Macrophages and cancer: from mechanisms to therapeutic implications. Trends Immunol. 2015;36(4):229–39.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat • Cannarile MA, et al. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors in cancer therapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2017;5(1):53. A review of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitors and their role in inhibition of tumor associated macrophage recruitment promoting tumor destruction. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Cannarile MA, et al. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors in cancer therapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2017;5(1):53. A review of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitors and their role in inhibition of tumor associated macrophage recruitment promoting tumor destruction. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat • Moon YW, et al. Targeting the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway in cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2015;3(1):51. A comprehensive review of IDO pathway and its role in promoting an immunosuppressive mileu in tumor microenvironment. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Moon YW, et al. Targeting the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway in cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2015;3(1):51. A comprehensive review of IDO pathway and its role in promoting an immunosuppressive mileu in tumor microenvironment. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat • Toulmonde M, et al. Use of PD-1 Targeting, Macrophage Infiltration, and IDO Pathway Activation in Sarcomas: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(1):93–7. This phase 2 study of combination pembrolizumab and metronomic cyclophosphamide in soft tissue sarcomas was a negative study and provided important insignt into how IDO1/kynurenine pathway overcomes potential for responsiveness to anti-PD-1 therapy in soft tissue sarcomas. PubMedCrossRef • Toulmonde M, et al. Use of PD-1 Targeting, Macrophage Infiltration, and IDO Pathway Activation in Sarcomas: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(1):93–7. This phase 2 study of combination pembrolizumab and metronomic cyclophosphamide in soft tissue sarcomas was a negative study and provided important insignt into how IDO1/kynurenine pathway overcomes potential for responsiveness to anti-PD-1 therapy in soft tissue sarcomas. PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat • Bilir C, Sarisozen C. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO): Only an enzyme or a checkpoint controller? J Oncol Sci. 2017;3(2):52–6. This review implores the importance of IDO1/kynurenine pathway. CrossRef • Bilir C, Sarisozen C. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO): Only an enzyme or a checkpoint controller? J Oncol Sci. 2017;3(2):52–6. This review implores the importance of IDO1/kynurenine pathway. CrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Olszanski AJ, et al. Epacadostat plus pembrolizumab in patients with advanced melanoma and select solid tumors: Updated phase 1 results from ECHO-202/KEYNOTE-037. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(suppl_6). This was a landmark early phase study that showed impressive responses to the combination of pembrolizumab and IDO1 inhibitor, epacadostat that resulted in activation of a phase III study (ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252). •• Olszanski AJ, et al. Epacadostat plus pembrolizumab in patients with advanced melanoma and select solid tumors: Updated phase 1 results from ECHO-202/KEYNOTE-037. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(suppl_6). This was a landmark early phase study that showed impressive responses to the combination of pembrolizumab and IDO1 inhibitor, epacadostat that resulted in activation of a phase III study (ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252).
95.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Long GV, et al. Epacadostat (E) plus pembrolizumab (P) versus pembrolizumab alone in patients (pts) with unresectable or metastatic melanoma: Results of the phase 3 ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252 study. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(15_suppl):108. This negative phase III study of pembrolizumab and epacadostat created a huge buzz in the field of combination immunotherapies. The phase II study had shown promising perliminary evidence of efficacy, this study failed to demonstrate benefit in the phase III setting. CrossRef •• Long GV, et al. Epacadostat (E) plus pembrolizumab (P) versus pembrolizumab alone in patients (pts) with unresectable or metastatic melanoma: Results of the phase 3 ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252 study. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(15_suppl):108. This negative phase III study of pembrolizumab and epacadostat created a huge buzz in the field of combination immunotherapies. The phase II study had shown promising perliminary evidence of efficacy, this study failed to demonstrate benefit in the phase III setting. CrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas DA, Massagué J. TGF-ß directly targets cytotoxic T cell functions during tumor evasion of immune surveillance. Cancer Cell. 2005;8(5):369–80.PubMedCrossRef Thomas DA, Massagué J. TGF-ß directly targets cytotoxic T cell functions during tumor evasion of immune surveillance. Cancer Cell. 2005;8(5):369–80.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat • Reddy BY, Miller DM, Tsao H. Somatic driver mutations in melanoma. Cancer. 2017;123(S11):2104–17. This review outlines the somatic driver mutations in melanomas. PubMedCrossRef • Reddy BY, Miller DM, Tsao H. Somatic driver mutations in melanoma. Cancer. 2017;123(S11):2104–17. This review outlines the somatic driver mutations in melanomas. PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Ott PA, et al. Combination immunotherapy: a road map. J Immunother Cancer. 2017;5(1):16. This article provides comprehensive guidelines on devising novel combination immunotherapies in clinical trials as well as preclinical models for testing the combinations. This state-of-the-art review was produced by the combination immunotherapy task force convened by the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC). PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef •• Ott PA, et al. Combination immunotherapy: a road map. J Immunother Cancer. 2017;5(1):16. This article provides comprehensive guidelines on devising novel combination immunotherapies in clinical trials as well as preclinical models for testing the combinations. This state-of-the-art review was produced by the combination immunotherapy task force convened by the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC). PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Frederick DT, et al. BRAF Inhibition Is Associated with Enhanced Melanoma Antigen Expression and a More Favorable Tumor Microenvironment in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(5):1225–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Frederick DT, et al. BRAF Inhibition Is Associated with Enhanced Melanoma Antigen Expression and a More Favorable Tumor Microenvironment in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(5):1225–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Novel Immunotherapy Combinations
verfasst von
Babar Bashir
Melissa A. Wilson
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2019
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Oncology Reports / Ausgabe 11/2019
Print ISSN: 1523-3790
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-6269
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-019-0851-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2019

Current Oncology Reports 11/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Palliative Medicine (A Jatoi, Section Editor)

Managing Pain in the Older Cancer Patient

Melanoma (RJ Sullivan, Section Editor)

Novel Targets for the Treatment of Melanoma

Head and Neck Cancers (EY Hanna, Section Editor)

Contemporary Management of Parapharyngeal Tumors

Alphablocker schützt vor Miktionsproblemen nach der Biopsie

16.05.2024 alpha-1-Rezeptorantagonisten Nachrichten

Nach einer Prostatabiopsie treten häufig Probleme beim Wasserlassen auf. Ob sich das durch den periinterventionellen Einsatz von Alphablockern verhindern lässt, haben australische Mediziner im Zuge einer Metaanalyse untersucht.

Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugat hält solide Tumoren in Schach

16.05.2024 Zielgerichtete Therapie Nachrichten

Trastuzumab deruxtecan scheint auch jenseits von Lungenkrebs gut gegen solide Tumoren mit HER2-Mutationen zu wirken. Dafür sprechen die Daten einer offenen Pan-Tumor-Studie.

Mammakarzinom: Senken Statine das krebsbedingte Sterberisiko?

15.05.2024 Mammakarzinom Nachrichten

Frauen mit lokalem oder metastasiertem Brustkrebs, die Statine einnehmen, haben eine niedrigere krebsspezifische Mortalität als Patientinnen, die dies nicht tun, legen neue Daten aus den USA nahe.

Labor, CT-Anthropometrie zeigen Risiko für Pankreaskrebs

13.05.2024 Pankreaskarzinom Nachrichten

Gerade bei aggressiven Malignomen wie dem duktalen Adenokarzinom des Pankreas könnte Früherkennung die Therapiechancen verbessern. Noch jedoch klafft hier eine Lücke. Ein Studienteam hat einen Weg gesucht, sie zu schließen.

Update Onkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.