Materials and methods
Study eligibility criteria
Information sources and search
Study selection
Data collection and data items
Risk of bias assessment
Results
Study selection
Study characteristics and result synthesis
Bladder cancer
Optical coherence tomography
Imaging modality | Index test | Ref. test | No. of patients | Patient’s histology | Imaging modality technical details | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | Cost | Utility | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ind | Ref | Ind | Ref | Ind | Ref | Ind | Ref | ||||||||
OCT | |||||||||||||||
Gladkova et al. (2011) [17] | OCT | CP OCT | 116 | TCC—16 Tis—10 Ta-T1-6 Ben—100 | Wavelength 1300 nm, resolution 15 µm, acquisition time 2 s, image format 200 × 200 pixels | 81.2 | 93.7 | 70 | 84 | 30.2 | 48.3 | 95.1 | 98 | × | Prototype system |
Gladkova et al. (2013) [18] | OCT | CP OCT | 26 | TCC (Tis-T2a)—26 | Wavelength 1300 nm, resolution 15 µm, acquisition time 2 s, image format not discussed | 74.5 | 89.7 | 70.8 | 91.6 | 58.3 | 85.4 | 83.5 | 94.2 | × | Prototype system |
Goh et al. (2008) [19] | OCT | – | 32 | TCC (Ta-T2)—30 Ben—2 | Niris imaging system, 1310 nm, resolution 10–20 µm, acquisition time 1.5 s, image format 200 × 200 pixels | 93,5 | – | 88 | – | 85.2 | – | 95.2 | – | × | Comm. available |
Karl et al. (2010) [20] | OCT | – | 52 | Not specified | Wavelength 1300 nm, resolution 10–20 µm, acquisition time 1.5 s, image format 200 × 200 pixels | 100 | – | 65 | – | 31.1 | – | 100 | – | × | Comm. available |
Kiselva et al. (2015) [21] | OCT | – | 73 | TCC (Tis-T2a)—32 Ben—41 | Wavelength 1315 nm, resolution 15 µm, acquisition time 3 s, image format 200 × 256 pixels | 86 | – | 68 | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
Manyak et al. (2005) [22] | OCT | – | 24 | Not specified | Wavelength 980, acquisition time 1.5 s, image format 200 × 200 pixels, resolution not discussed | 100 | – | 89 | – | 75 | – | 59 | – | × | Prototype system |
Ren et al. (2009) [23] | OCT | WLC | 56 | TCC—39 Tis—3 < T2-21 ≥ T2-15 Ben—17 | Wavelength 1320 nm, no resolution, acquisition time or image format discussed | 96.2 | 69.8 | 89.5 | 73.7 | 89.4 | 71.2 | 96.2 | 72.4 | × | Prototype system |
Schmidbauer et al. (2009) [24] | PDD + OCT | WLC | 66 | TCC (Tis-T2)—58 Ben—8 | Niris imaging system, 1310 nm, resolution 15 µm, acquisition time 1.5 s, image format 200 × 200 pixels | 97.5 | 69.3 | 97.9 | 83.7 | 96.4 | 77.9 | 97.9 | 76.7 | × | Comm. available |
Sengottayan et al. (2008) [25] | OCT | – | 32 | TCC (Ta-T2)—32 | Niris imaging system, 1310 nm, resolution 10–20 µm, acquisition time 1.5 s, image format not discussed | – | – | – | – | 89 | – | 100 | – | × | Comm. available |
Sergeev et al. (1997) [26] | OCT | – | 3 | TCC—3 | Wavelength 830 nm, resolution 20 µm, acquisition time 1 s, image format 200 × 200 pixel | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
Wang et al. (2007) [27] | OCT | – | 20 | Not specified | Wavelength 1320 nm, resolution 10 µm, acquision time and image not discussed | 91 | – | 80 | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
Zagaynova et al. (2002) [28] | OCT | - | 66 | TCC (T1-T3)—20 SCC (T2-3)—8 Adenocarcinoma—2 Ben—36 | Wavelength 1270 nm, resolution 10–20 µm, acquisition time 1.5 s, image format 200 × 200 pixels | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
CLE | |||||||||||||||
Adams et al. (2011) [29] | CLE | – | 67 | TCC—52 Low grade—22 High grade—22 Tis—8 Ben—17 | Cellvizio system, 488 nm laser, resolution 1 µm, slice thick 10 µm | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
Liem et al. (2018) [32] | CLE | WLC | 53 | Patient specific data not Specified | Celvizio system, 488 nm laser, resolution 1 µm | 76% | 54% | 76% | 71% | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
Naya et al. (2018) [33] | CLE | WLC | 1 | TCC (Tis)—1 | Celvizio system, no further technical details provided | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
Sonn et al. (2009) [30] | CLE | – | 27 | TCC—19 Low grade—9 High grade—9 Tis—1 Ben—8 | Cellvizio system, 488 nm laser, resolution 1 µm, slice thick 10 µm | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
Wu et al. (2011) [31] | CLE | – | 66 | Not specified | Cellvizio system, 488 nm laser resolution 1 µm, slice thick 10 µm | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
Autofluorescence | |||||||||||||||
Anidjar et al. (1996) [34] | AF | – | 25 | TCC (Tis-T3)—25 | Three lasers used, 480 nm, 337 nm and 308 nm, recording AF 320–600 nm | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
Jacobson et al. (2012) [35] | AF | – | 21 | TCC (Ta-T2)—21 | Near infrared monochromatic 650 nm laser | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
Koenig et al. (1996) [36] | AF | – | 53 | Not specified | Nitrogen 337 nm laser, recording spectrum 300–800 nm | 97 | – | 98 | – | 93 | – | 99 | – | × | Prototype system |
Koenig (1998) [37] | AF | – | 75 | Not specified | Nitrogen laser 385 nm and 455 nm, recording spectrum 300–800 nm | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
Kriegmair et al. (2017) [38] | AF | WLC | 25 | Not specified | Wavelength 440 nm, recording spectrum 480–780 nm | 96.7 | 86.7 | 53.9 | 69.2 | 70.7 | 76.5 | 93.3 | 81.8 | × | Comm. available |
Schafauer et al. (2013) [39] | AF | – | 14 | TCC—7 Tis—2 Ta—4 T2—1 Ben—7 | Excimer laser 308 nm, recording spectrum 300–600 nm | 100 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
Szygula et al. (2004) [40] | AF | PDD | 229 | TCC (all T1)—92 Ben—137 | Blue laser light irradiation via Xillix LIFE diagnostic system | 97.8 | 90.9 | 70.1 | 66.6 | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
Spectroscopies | |||||||||||||||
Koening et al. (1998) [41] | DRS | – | 14 | TCC (Tis-T2)—14 | Light probe emitting 400–700 nm with 0.6 mm optical recording probe | 91 | – | 60 | – | 63 | – | 90 | – | × | Prototype system |
Mourant et al. (1995) [42] | DRS | – | 10 | Not specified | Light probe emitting 250–1000 nm with 0.2 mm optical recording probe | 100 | – | 97 | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
Draga et al. (2010) [43] | Raman | PDD | 38 | TCC (Ta-T2)—38 | 785 nm diode laser, collecting spectra between 400 and 1800 nm | 85 | 85 | 79 | 69 | 85.3 | – | 65.7 | – | × | Prototype system |
Endocystoscopy | |||||||||||||||
Lovisa et al. (2010) [44] | HMC | – | 78 | Not specified | Rigid cystoscopy with magnification power between 30 and 650-fold | 97 | – | 85 | – | 91.4 | – | 94.4 | – | × | Prototype system |
Ohigashi et al. (2010) [45] | HMC | – | 5 | TCC (Ta-T1)—5 | 3.2 mm probe through cystoscope with 450-fold magnification | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
Confocal laser endomicroscopy
Autofluorescence
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy
High magnification cystoscopy
Upper urinary tract malignancy
Optical coherence tomography
Imaging modality | Index test | Ref. test | No. of patients | Patient’s histology | Imaging modality technical details | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | Cost | Utility | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ind | Ref | Ind | Ref | Ind | Ref | Ind | Ref | ||||||||
OCT | |||||||||||||||
Bus et al. (2013) [46] | OCT | – | 8 | UTUC—8 Tis-Ta—4 T1-3-4 | C7-XR OCT system, 1300 nm longitudinal 54 mm and 360-degree trajectory taking 5.4 s | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
Bus et al. (2016) [47] | OCT | – | 26 | UTUC—24 Tis-Ta—14 T1-T4-12 | C7-XR OCT system, 1300 nm longitudinal 54 mm and 360-degree trajectory taking 5.4 s | 91.7 | – | 78.6 | – | 92 | – | 100 | – | × | Comm. available |
CLE | |||||||||||||||
Breda et al. (2017) [50] | CLE | – | 14 | UTUC—12 Low grade—6 High grade—5 Tis—1 Unknown—2 | Celvizio system, no further technical details provided | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
Bui et al. (2015) [48] | CLE | – | 14 | UTUC—7 Low grade—4 High grade—3 Ben—7 | 0.85 mm probe, resolution 3.5 µm, field of view 320 µm, depth 50 µm | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Prototype system |
Villa et al. (2016) [49] | CLE | – | 11 | UTUC—10 Low Grade—7 High Grade—3 Ben—1 | Cellvizio system, 488 nm laser resolution 3.5 µm, depth 40–70 µm | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | Comm. available |
PDD | |||||||||||||||
Aboumarzouk et al. (2012) [52] | PDD | WLU | 32 | UTUC—25 Tis-Ta—23 T1-2 Ben—7 | Xenon blue light 380–440 nm, oral 5-ALA pre-operatively | 96 | 80 | 100 | 86 | 100 | 95 | 88 | 55 | × | Comm. available |
Aboumarzouk et al. (2013) [53] | PDD | WLU | 30 | UTUC—17 Tis-Ta—16 T2-1 Ben—13 | Xenon blue light 380–440 nm, oral 5-ALA pre-operatively | 94 | 82.4 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 93 | 81 | × | Comm. available |
Ahmad et al. (2012) [54] | PDD | - | 26 | Not specified | Xenon blue light 380–440 nm, oral 5-ALA pre-operatively | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | × | Comm. available |
Kata et al. (2016) [55] | PDD | WLU | 54 | Not specified | Xenon blue light 380–440 nm, oral 5-ALA pre-operatively | 95.8 | 53.5 | 96.6 | 95.2 | 95.8 | 88.5 | 96.6 | 75 | ✓ | Comm. available |
Somani et al. (2010) [56] | PDD | - | 4 | UTUC (Ta)—4 | Xenon blue light 380–440 nm, oral 5-ALA pre-operatively | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | × | Comm. available |
NBI | |||||||||||||||
Chan et al. (2014) [57] | NBI | WLU | 7 | UTUC—7 Ta—2 T1-3-5 | Olympus NBI system, 415 nm blue light and 540 nm green light | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | × | Comm. available |
Traxer et al. (2011) [58] | NBI | WLU | 27 | UTUC (Ta)—20 Ben—1 Invalid Biopsy—6 | Olympus NBI system, 415 nm blue light and 540 nm green light | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | × | Comm. available |
Confocal laser endomicroscopy
Photodynamic diagnosis
Narrow band imaging
Renal cancer
Optical coherence tomography
Penile cancer
Optical coherence tomography
Photodynamic diagnosis
Discussion
Imaging modality | Cancer type | Improvement in outcome measure | GRADE of recommendation |
---|---|---|---|
Optical coherence tomography | Bladder | Diagnostic accuracy | Low (++) |
Staging of disease | Very Low (+) | ||
Upper tract | Diagnostic accuracy | Very Low (+) | |
Renal biopsy | Diagnostic accuracy | None | |
Diagnostic yield | Low (+) | ||
Penile | Diagnostic accuracy | None | |
Confocal laser endomicroscopy | Bladder | Diagnostic accuracy | Very low (+) |
Grading | Very low (+) | ||
Upper tract | Diagnostic accuracy | None | |
Grading | None | ||
Autofluorescence | Bladder | Diagnostic accuracy | Very low (+) |
Spectroscopies | Bladder | Diagnostic accuracy | Very low (+) |
Endocystoscopy | Bladder | Diagnostic accuracy | Very low (+) |
Photodynamic diagnosis | Upper tract | Diagnostic accuracy | Low (++) |
Penile | Diagnostic accuracy | None | |
Narrow band imaging | Upper tract | Diagnostic accuracy | Very low (+) |