Fatty acids constitute approximately 50-60% of the dry weight of an adult human brain, of which 35% is made up of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPUFAs) [
52]. EPUFAs are important components of the phospholipids that comprise specialised cell membranes which play a central role in the physiology and function of the brain [
53]. EPUFAs have been hypothesised as an aetiological factor in schizophrenia as early as the 1990s [
54] due to findings of low levels of EPUFAs in the red blood cell membranes [
55,
56] and brains of those with schizophrenia [
57,
58]. In addition to oxidative stress, there have been various other suggestions as to why levels of EPUFAs are decreased in people with schizophrenia including altered neuronal membrane metabolism [
59] and/or dysregulation of the inflammatory response system [
60]. Even though the exact mechanism behind the reduced levels of EPUFAs is under debate, there have been numerous studies investigating the effectiveness of EPUFA supplementation in patients with schizophrenia. For example, in young adults presenting with sub-threshold psychotic states, a 12-week omega-3 EPUFA supplementation programme consisting of 700 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 480 mg of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 220 mg of other omega-3 EPUFAs (18:3n3, 18:4n3, 20:4n3, 21:5n3, and 22:5n3) plus 7.6 mg of mixed tocopherol (Vitamin E) lowered the risk of symptoms developing into a psychotic disorder, as compared to placebo [
61]. In older adults with schizophrenia lower levels of red blood cell membrane fatty acids were found at baseline in comparison to controls [
62]. These levels increased significantly at 4-month follow-up after omega-3 EPUFA supplementation combined with vitamin C and E and were associated with improvements in psychopathology and quality of life. Importantly in this study, participants with schizophrenia were matched with health controls on age, sex, ethnicity, diet and lifestyle patterns so the differences in baseline levels of EPUFAs were not due to group differences [
62]. A recent review has suggested that because levels of fatty acids have been shown to be decreased in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia, and since this type of supplementation exhibits low risk of harm, the addition of EPUFAs to standard medical care for those with schizophrenia may be beneficial [
63].