Introduction
Mutations in the TNFRSF1A gene encoding the TNF cell surface receptor, TNFR1, cause TNFR-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) and polymorphisms in TNFRSF1A, including rs4149570, rs767455 and rs1800692, are associated with inflammatory diseases.
Objectives
We describe a novel exon 2-spliced transcript, named TNFR1-d2, and the impact of these 3 SNPs on exon 2 splicing, transcriptional activity of TNFRSF1A and TRAPS phenotype.
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Methods
Expression of TNFRSF1A transcripts was performed by RT-PCR in a range of human cells and tissues. Exon 2 splicing and transcriptional activity were analysed in HEK293T and SW480 cells by in vitro alternative splicing and luciferase assays, respectively. We constructed haplotypes containing rs4149570, rs767455 and rs1800692 in controls (n=70), TRAPS (n=111) and TRAPS-like patients (n=450) to compare their distribution and association with clinical features of TRAPS.
Results
TNFR1-d2 was expressed in a tissue-specific manner, whereas TNFR1 expression was ubiquitous. Alternative splicing assays revealed that the T-A-T haplotype at rs4149570-rs767455-rs1800692 showed the highest expression of exon 2-skipping product (p=0.02). Transcriptional activity from the T-T haplotype at rs4149570-rs1800692 was increased compared to the G-C haplotype (p=0.03). In TRAPS patients, rs1800692 T/T homozygotes were excessively rare (p<10-4) and TRAPS-like patients with this genotype experienced less fever.
Conclusion
Our study provides a novel mechanism of TNFRSF1A regulation whereby three polymorphisms in the promoter, exon 1 and intron 4 have a functional and combined effect on exon 2 splicing, via a coupling mechanism between transcription and splicing. These polymorphisms may impact the phenotype of TRAPS and TRAPS-like patients.
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (
https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
None declared.