Background
Methods
Subjects
Demographic information and epidemiological investigation
Definition
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics
Characteristics | Participants with hypertension | Participants without hypertension | t/z/χ2 | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 589 | 2964 | ||
Age, Median (IQR), years | 50.96(7) | 51.01(8) | 0.13t | 0.7167 |
Weight, Median (IQR), kg | 61.43(11.55) | 57.34(9.5) | -12.41t | < 0.001 |
BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m2 | 22.65 ± 2.48 | 24.32 ± 3.04 | -14.26t | < 0.001 |
WC, Median (IQR), cm | 79.86(11) | 74.93(9) | -15.63t | < 0.001 |
TC, Median (IQR), mmol/L | 5.091.21) | 4.90(4.52) | -5.09t | < 0.001 |
TG, Median (IQR), mmol/L | 1.75(0.98) | 1.30(0.73) | -11.18t | < 0.001 |
HDL-C, Median (IQR), mmol/L | 1.45(0.44) | 1.52(0.45) | 4.45t | < 0.001 |
LDL-C, Median (IQR), mmol/L | 3.02(0.93) | 2.83(0.92) | -6.18t | < 0.001 |
Hypertension of pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
+ | 39(6.7) | 64(2.2) | 34.30χ2 | < 0.001 |
545(93.3) | 2885(97.8) | |||
Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | ||||
+ | 382(64.9) | 1355(45.7) | 72.04χ2 | < 0.001 |
207(35.1) | 1609(54.3) | |||
History of diabetes, n (%) | ||||
+ | 42(7.10) | 48(1.60) | 60.45χ2 | < 0.001 |
547(92.9) | 2916(98.4) | |||
Gestational diabetes, n (%) | ||||
+ | 119(1.9) | 76(2.6) | 1.042χ2 | 0.307 |
573(98.1) | 2843(94.4) | |||
Uterine fibroids, n (%) | ||||
+ | 304(51.6) | 1359(45.9) | 6.55χ2 | 0.010 |
285(48.3) | 1605(54.1) | |||
Thyroid nodules, n (%) | ||||
+ | 426(72.3) | 1913(64.5) | 13.24χ2 | < 0.001 |
163(27.7) | 1051(35.5) | |||
Urinary tract infection, n (%) | 7.49χ2 | 0.006 | ||
+ | 204 (34.6) | 859 (29.0) | ||
385 (65.4) | 2105 (71.0) | |||
High-salt diets, n (%) | 6.33χ2 | 0.012 | ||
+ | 107 (18.2) | 419 (14.1) | ||
482 (81.8) | 2545 (85.9) | |||
Intake of milk, n (%) | 4.45χ2 | 0.035 | ||
< 3 times/week | 112 (19.0) | 681 (23.0) | ||
≥ 3 times/week | 477 (81.0) | 2283 (77.0) | ||
Intake of eggs, n (%) | ||||
Hardly ever | 45(7.6) | 133(4.5) | 10.26χ2 | 0.001 |
Regularly (≥ 2 times/week) | 544(92.4) | 2831(95.5) | ||
Intake of fruit, n (%) | ||||
< 3 times/week | 182(30.9) | 793(26.8) | 4.24χ2 | 0.039 |
≥ 3 times/week | 407(69.1) | 2171(73.2) | ||
Intake of the flesh of fish, n (%) | ||||
< 3 times/week | 352(59.8) | 1627(54.9) | 4.72χ2 | 0.030 |
≥ 3 times/week | 237(40.2) | 1337(45.1) | ||
Intake of coffee, n (%) | ||||
Never | 419(71.1) | 1981(66.8) | -1.95z | 0.051 |
< 3 times/week | 154(26.1) | 906(30.6) | ||
≥ 3 times/week | 16(2.7) | 77(2.6%) | ||
Feels down in the dumps, n (%) | ||||
Never | 464(73.7) | 2153(72.6) | -3.19z | 0.001 |
Sometimes | 120(20.4) | 749(25.3) | ||
Frequently | 5(0.8) | 62(2.1) | ||
Feels heated with passion, n (%) | -2.82z | 0.005 | ||
Never | 401(68.1) | 1840(62.1) | ||
Sometimes | 167(28.4) | 979(33.0) | ||
Frequently | 21(3.6) | 145(4.9) | ||
Feels as if on thorns, n (%) | -2.44z | 0.015 | ||
Never | 460(78.1) | 2180(73.5) | ||
Sometimes | 120(20.4) | 690(23.3) | ||
Frequently | 9(1.5) | 94(3.2) |
Prevalence of perimenopausal syndrome and perimenopausal symptoms
Age (years) | Nonperimenopausal syndrome (n,%) | Perimenopausal syndrome (n,%) | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
40–45 | 518 (89.01)) | 64(19.9) | 582 | |
46–50 | 697(89.82) | 79(10.18) | 776 | |
51–55 | 1120(92.03) | 97(7.97) | 1217 | |
56–60 | 866(88.54) | 112(11.45) | 978 | |
Total | 3201 | 352 | 3553 | |
χ2 | 8.57 | |||
P | 0.036 |
Symptoms | HTN (N,%) | Non-HTN (N,%) | Total (N,%) | χ2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hot flashes/sweating | 132(22.4) | 496(16.7) | 628(17.7) | 26.04 | <0.001 |
Urinary tract infection | 206(35.0) | 859(29.0) | 1065(30.0) | 13.23 | 0.001 |
Insomnia | 521(89.5) | 1503(51.7) | 2024(56.9) | 309.38 | <0.001 |
Headache | 149(25.3) | 730(24.62) | 879 (24.7) | 0.18 | 0.73 |
Sexual problems | 343(58.2) | 990(33.4) | 1333(37.5) | 146.52 | <0.001 |
Paraesthesia | 83(14.1) | 507(17.1) | 590(16.6) | 3.22 | 0.073 |
Fatigue | 263(44.7) | 1357(45.8) | 1620(45.6) | 2.56 | 0.47 |
Palpitations | 148(25.1) | 740(25.1) | 888(25.0) | 0.038 | 0.845 |
Muscle/joint pain | 307(52.1) | 777(26.2) | 1084(30.5) | 185.97 | <0.001 |
Vertigo | 588(99.8) | 627(21.1) | 1215(34.2) | 1354.0 | <0.001 |
Melancholia | 78(13.2) | 614(20.7) | 692(19.50) | 21.88 | <0.001 |
Mood swings | 196(33.3) | 1128(38.1) | 1324(37.3) | 8.70 | 0.034 |
Formication | 35(5.9) | 45(1.5) | 80(2.3) | 44.91 | <0.001 |
Perimenopausal syndrome (mKMI score ≥ 15) | 93(26.4) | 259(8.7) | 352(9.9) | 27.37 | <0.001 |
Total | 589 | 2964 |
Risk factors for perimenopausal syndrome and hypertension in perimenopause patients
Variables | Simple Logistic Regression Analysis | Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P Values | β | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P Values | |
WC | 1.21 | 3.36 (2.80–4.03) | < 0.001 | 0.63 | 1.88 (1.49–2.37) | < 0.001 |
BMI | ||||||
overweight (24 - 27.9 kg/m2) | 0.99 | 2.70 (2.23–3.27) | < 0.001 | 0.56 | 1.76 (1.40–2.21) | < 0.001 |
obese (≥ 28 kg/m2) | 1.78 | 5.91 (4.20–8.31) | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 2.59 (1.73–3.87) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidaemia | 0.79 | 2.19 (1.82–2.63) | < 0.001 | 0.56 | 1.77 (1.45–2.15) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension during pregnancy | 1.17 | 3.21 (2.14–4.83) | < 0.001 | 1.06 | 2.92 (1.86–4.61) | < 0.001 |
History of diabetes | 1.54 | 4.67 (3.05–7.12) | < 0.001 | 1.13 | 3.17 (1.99–5.05) | < 0.001 |
Gestational diabetes | 0.33 | 1.39 (0.73–2.64) | 0.310 | 0.84 | 2.32 (1.15–4.71) | 0.019 |
Uterine fibroids | 0.23 | 1.26 (1.05–1.50) | 0.011 | 0.25 | 1.28 (1.06–1.55) | 0.010 |
Thyroid nodules | 0.36 | 1.43 (1.18–1.75) | < 0.001 | 0.29 | 1.34 (1.09–1.65) | 0.006 |
Urinary tract infection | 0.26 | 1.30 (1.08–1.57) | 0.006 | 0.22 | 1.24 (1.02–1.52) | 0.034 |
Intake of a high-salt diet | 0.30 | 1.35 (1.07–1.70) | 0.012 | 0.11 | 1.12 (0.87–1.44) | 0.383 |
Intake of fruit | -0.20 | 0.82 (0.67–0.99) | 0.040 | -0.06 | 0.95 (0.76–1.17) | 0.608 |
Intake of milk | -0.24 | 0.79 (0.63–0.98) | 0.035 | -0.12 | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 0.348 |
Intake of eggs | -0.56 | 0.57 (0.40–0.81) | 0.002 | -0.57 | 0.56 (0.39–0.83) | 0.003 |
Intake of fish | -0.20 | 0.82 (0.68–0.98) | 0.030 | -0.13 | 0.89 (0.72–1.07) | 0.194 |
Variables | Simple Logistic Regression Analysis | Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P Values | β | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P Values | |
BMI | ||||||
overweight (24 - 27.99 kg/m2) | 1.56 | 1.56(1.23–1.98) | < 0.001 | 0.26 | 1.30 (0.99–1.69)- | 0.052 |
obese (≥ 289 kg/m2) | 1.87 | 1.87(1.17–2.97) | < 0.001 | 0.34 | 1.40 (0.84–2.35) | 0.199 |
Dyslipidaemia | 0.50 | 1.65 (1.26–2.17) | < 0.001 | 0.56 | 1.75 (1.30–2.35) | < 0.001 |
History of diabetes | -0.44 | 0.64 (0.28–1.48) | 0.30 | -0.82 | 0.43 (0.18–1.07) | 0.070 |
Uterine fibroids | 0.03 | 1.14(0.91–1.41) | 0.249 | 0.25 | 1.03 (0.81–1.31) | 0.789 |
Thyroid nodules | 0.36 | 0.95 (0.75–1.20) | 0.659 | -0.19 | 0.83 (0.64–1.06) | 0.142 |
Breast nodules | 0.22 | 1.25(0.99–1.56) | 0.051 | 0.26 | 1.29(1.01–1.67) | < 0.001 |
Urinary tract infection | 1.18 | 3.25 (2.60–4.07) | < 0.001 | 1.28 | 3.59 (2.84–4.55) | 0.034 |
Intake of snacks at night | ||||||
Hardly (≤ 2 days/week) | ||||||
Frequently(3–5 days/week) | 0.64 | 1.90(1.60–2.24) | < 0.001 | 0.31 | 1.36(0.99–1.86) | 0.051 |
almost every day(≥ 6 days/week) | 0.98 | 2.66(1.15–6.18) | 0.022 | 0.50 | 1.65(0.65–4.17) | 0.288 |
Three meals on time | ||||||
Hardly (≤ 2 days/week) | ||||||
Frequently(3–5 days/week) | -0.13 | 0.26(0.17–0.38) | < 0.001 | -1.11 | 0.33(0.21–0.51) | < 0.001 |
almost every day(≥ 6 days/week) | -0.81 | 0.45(0.29–0.68) | < 0.001 | -0.63 | 0.53(0.34–0.84) | 0.006 |
Intake of a high-salt diet | 0.65 | 1.92 (1.47–2.51) | < 0.001 | 0.33 | 1.39(1.03–1.87) | 0.03 |
Intake of fruit | -0.40 | 0.66 (0.53–0.84) | 0.001 | -0.22 | 0.81(0.62–1.05) | 0.106 |
Intake of milk | -0.57 | 0.56 (0.41–0.76) | < 0.001 | -0.45 | 0.64(0.45–0.88) | 0.006 |
Intake of eggs | -0.20 | 0.81 (0.50–1.30) | 0.387 | -0.05 | 0.95(0.57–1.58) | 0.844 |
Intake of vegetables | -0.61 | 0.54(0.39–0.75) | < 0.001 | -0.38 | 0.69(0.48–0.99) | 0.042 |
Intake of red meat | 0.52 | 1.68(1.22–2.31) | 0.001 | 0.52 | 1.68(1.19–2.38) | 0.004 |
Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages | 0.52 | 1.68(1.33–2.10) | < 0.001 | 0.28 | 1.33(1.03–1.71) | 0.027 |
Intake of coffee | -0.19 | 0.82(0.51–1.32) | 0.422 | -0.38 | 0.69(0.42–1.13) | 0.140 |
Smoking status | 0.19 | 1.20(1.07–1.36) | 0.003 | 0.18 | 1.20(1.04–1.37) | 0.011 |
Drinking status | 0.35 | 1.42(1.07–1.87) | 0.014 | 0.34 | 1.40(1.03–1.90) | 0.030 |
Exercise status | -0.57 | 0.57(0.46–0.71) | < 0.001 | -0.39 | 0.68(0.53–0.87) | 0.002 |