Background
Methods
Study design, data source and study population
Outcome measures
Exposure variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Australia | Eritrea | Ethiopia | Somalia | Sudan | Total East Africa | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | n (%) |
P-values | n (%) |
P-values | n (%) |
P-values | n (%) |
P-values | n (%) |
P-values | |
Obs (%) | 427,755 (98.9) | 453 (0.10) | 1094 (0.25) | 1861 (0.43) | 1404 (0.32) | 4,812 (1.1) | |||||
Age (years) | |||||||||||
<20 | 14,688 (3.4) | <5 | 21 (1.9) | 51 (2.7) | 87 (6.2) | 161 (3.3) | |||||
20-34 | 325,885 (76.2) | 360 (79.5) | 0.002 | 858 (78.5) | 0.016 | 1483 (79.7) | 0.002 | 1131 (80.6) | 0.001 | 3832 (79.6) | 0.001 |
35+ | 87,154 (20.4) | 91 (20.1) | 215 (19.6) | 327 (17.6) | 186 (13.2) | 819 (17.1) | |||||
Missing | 28 (0.01) | 0(0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||||
Marital status | |||||||||||
Single | 59,747 (14.0) | 71 (15.7) | 313 (28.7) | 356 (19.1) | 195 (13.9) | 935 (19.4) | |||||
Married | 299,104 (69.9) | 368 (81.2) | <0.001 | 727 (66.4) | <0.001 | 1,472 (79.1) | <0.001 | 1,172 (83.5) | <0.001 | 3,739 (77.7) | 0.001 |
Defacto | 68,413 (16) | 12 (2.7) | 51 (4.7) | 28 (1.5) | 28 (2.0) | 119 (2.5) | |||||
Missing | 491 (0.1) | 2 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | 5 (0.3) | 9 (0.6) | 19 (0.4) | |||||
Parity | |||||||||||
Primipara | 182,381 (42.6) | 171 (37.8) | 384 (35.2) | 378 (20.3) | 360 (25.6) | 1,293 (26.9) | |||||
Multipara | 245,372 (57.4) | 282 (62.2) | 0.035 | 710 (64.8) | <0.001 | 1,483 (79.7) | <0.001 | 1,044 (74.4) | <0.001 | 3,519 (73.1) | 0.001 |
Missing | 2(0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||||
Hospital admission status | |||||||||||
Public | 267,023 (62.4) | 443 (97.8) | 1,059 (96.7) | 1,845 (99.1) | 1,364 (97.2) | 4,711 (97.9) | |||||
Private | 160,732 (37.6) | 10 (2.2) | <0.001 | 35 (3.3) | <0.001 | 16 (0.9) | <0.001 | 40 (2.8) | <0.001 | 101 (2.1) | <0.001 |
aIRSAD scores | |||||||||||
High | 118,771 (27.8) | 103 (22.7) | 117 (10.8) | 348 (18.7) | 148 (10.5) | 716 (15.0) | |||||
Medium | 166,849 (39.0) | 246 (54.3) | <0.001 | 588 (53.7) | <0.001 | 861 (46.3) | <0.001 | 377 (26.8) | <0.001 | 2,072 (43.0) | <0.001 |
Low | 140,442 (32.8) | 96 (21.2) | 388 (35.4) | 651 (35) | 878 (62.6) | 2,013 (41.8) | |||||
Missing | 1,693 (0.4) | 8 (1.8) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 11 (0.2) | |||||
Year of birth | |||||||||||
1999-2001 | 137,801 (32.2) | 110 (24.3) | 157 (14.3) | 501 (26.9) | 78 (5.6) | 846 (17.6) | |||||
2002-2004 | 139,776 (32.7) | 159 (35.1) | 0.001 | 354 (32.3) | <0.001 | 609 (32.7) | <0.001 | 298 (21.2) | <0.001 | 1,420 (29.5) | <0.001 |
2005-2007 | 150,178 (35.1) | 184 (40.6) | 583 (53.3) | 751 (40.4) | 1,028 (73.2) | 2,546 (52.9) | |||||
Any maternal medical complication | |||||||||||
Yes | 112,798 (26.4) | 146 (32.2) | 336 (30.8) | 615 (33.1) | 486 (34.6) | 1,583 (32.9) | |||||
No | 314,957 (73.6) | 307 (67.8) | 0.005 | 758 (69.2) | 0.001 | 1,246 (66.9) | <0.001 | 918 (65.4) | 0.001 | 3,229 (67.1) | <0.001 |
Country of birth | Australia (N = 427,755) | Eritrea (N = 453) | Ethiopia (N = 1,094) | Somalia (N = 1,861) | Sudan (N = 1,404) | Total East Africa (N = 4,812) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | n (%) | n (%) |
P-values | n (%) |
P-values | n (%) |
P-values | n (%) |
P-values | n (%) |
P-values |
Very low birthweight | 9,149 (2.1) | 16 (3.5) | 0.046 | 36 (3.3) | 0.006 | 39(2.1) | 0.837 | 44 (3.1) | 0.013 | 135 (2.8) | 0.002 |
Low birthweight | 22,502 (5.3) | 30 (6.6) | 0.197 | 57 (5.2) | 0.964 | 84(4.5) | 0.147 | 94 (6.7) | 0.017 | 265 (5.5) | 0.424 |
Macrosomia | 8,564 (2.0) | 6 (1.3) | 0.348 | 15 (1.4) | 0.177 | 37(2.0) | 0.859 | 10 (0.7) | 0.001 | 68 (1.4) | 0.005 |
Preterm birth | 26,900 (6.3) | 28 (6.2) | 0.916 | 70 (6.4) | 0.895 | 82(4.4) | 0.001 | 83 (5.9) | 0.549 | 263 (5.5) | 0.018 |
Very preterm birth | 5,680 (1.3) | 11 (2.4) | 0.049 | 28 (2.6) | 0.001 | 28(1.5) | 0.581 | 33 (2.4) | 0.001 | 100 (2.1) | 0.001 |
5’ Apgar Score <7a
| 3,776 (0.94) | 6 (1.4) | 0.165 | 7 (0.68) | 0.736 | 16(0.90) | 0.744 | 18 (1.4) | 0.106 | 47 (1.0) | 0.508 |
Small for gestational age | 37,820 (8.8) | 54 (11.9) | 0.021 | 104 (9.5) | 0.443 | 222 (11.9) | 0.001 | 219 (15.5) | 0.001 | 599 (12.4) | 0.001 |
Perinatal mortality (n/1000 births) | 4,205 (9.8) | 11 (24.3) | 0.002 | 16(14.6) | 0.069 | 31(17) | 0.004 | 28(20) | 0.001 | 86 (18) | 0.001 |
Outcomes | Australia | Eritrea | Ethiopia | Somalia | Sudan | Total East Africa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low birthweight (n and %) | 22,502 (5.3) | 30 (6.6) | 57 (5.2) | 84 (4.5) | 94 (6.7) | 265 (5.5) |
OR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.28 (0.88, 1.85) | 0.99(0.76, 1.29) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) |
1.29 (1.05, 1.59)
| 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) |
ORadj (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.39 (0.95, 2.02) | 0.90 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.11) |
1.36 (1.10, 1.68)
| 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) |
Very low birthweight (n and %) | 9,149 (2.2) | 16 (3.5) | 36 (3.3) | 39 (2.1) | 44 (3.1) | 135 (2.8) |
OR (95 % CI) | 1.00 |
1.68 (1.02, 2.76)
|
1.56 (1.12, 2.17)
| 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) |
1.48 (1.08, 2.00)
|
1.32 (1.11, 1.57)
|
ORadj (95 % CI) | 1.00 |
1.80 (1.09, 2.98)
| 1.39 (0.99, 1.96) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.40) |
1.53 (1.13, 2.07)
|
1.33 (1.11, 1.58)
|
Preterm birth (n and %) | 26,900 (6.3) | 28 (6.2) | 70 (6.4) | 82 (4.4) | 83 (5.9) | 263 (5.5) |
OR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.67,1.44) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.30) |
0.69 (0.55, 0.86)
| 0.94 (0.75,1.17) |
0.86 (0.76, 0.98)
|
ORadj (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.70, 1.50) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.21) |
0.70 (0.56, 0.88)
| 0.96 (0 .76, 1.19) |
0.86 (0.76, 0.98)
|
Very preterm birth (n and %) | 5,680 (1.4) | 11 (2.4) | 28 (2.6) | 28 (1.5) | 33 (2.4) | 100 (2.1) |
OR (95 % CI) | 1.00 |
1.85 (1.02, 3.37)
|
1.95 (1.34, 2.84)
| 1.14 (0.78, 1.65) |
1.79 (1.27, 2.53)
|
1.58 (1.29, 1.93)
|
ORadj (95 % CI) | 1.00 |
1.96 (1.08, 3.58)
|
1.70 (1.16, 2.50)
| 1.18 (0.81, 1.71) |
1.78 (1.26, 2.53)
|
1.55 (1.27, 1.90)
|
Apgar score <7 (n and %) | 3,776 (0.94) | 6 (1.4) | 7(0.68) | 16 (0.90) | 18 (1.4) | 47 (1.0) |
OR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.50 (0.67, 3.37) | 0.72 (0.34, 1.52) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.57) | 1.47 (0.92, 2.34) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.47) |
ORadj (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 1.62 (0.72, 3.64) | 0.72 (0.35, 1.53) | 1.08 (0.66, 1.78) | 1.56 (0.97, 2.49) | 1.18 (0.89, 1.59) |
Macrosomia (n and %) | 8,564 (2) | 6 (1.3) | 15 (1.4) | 37 (2) | 10 (0.7) | 68 (1.4) |
OR (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.29, 1.47) | 0 .68 (0.41, 1.13) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.38) |
0.35 (0.19, 0.65)
|
0.70 (0.55, 0.89)
|
ORadj (95 % CI) | 1.00 | 0 .65 (0.29, 1.45) | 0.67 (0.40, 1.11) | 0.90 (0.65, 1.25) |
0.32 (0.17, 0.59)
|
0.65 (0.51, 0.83)
|
SGA (n and %) | 37,820 (8.8) | 54 (11.9) | 104 (9.5) | 222 (11.9) | 219 (15.5) | 599 (12.4) |
OR (95 % CI) | 1.00 |
1.40 (1.05, 1.85)
| 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) |
1.40 (1.21, 1.61)
|
1.91 (1.65, 2.20)
|
1.47 (1.34, 1.60)
|
ORadj (95 % CI) | 1.00 |
1.52 (1.14, 2.03)
| 1.07 (0 .87, 1.31) |
1.58 (1.37, 1.83)
|
2.13 (1.84, 2.47)
|
1.59 (1.46, 1.74)
|
Perinatal mortality (n/1000) | 4,205 (9.8) | 11 (24) | 16 (14.6) | 31 (17) | 28 (20) | 86 (18) |
OR (95 % CI) | 1.00 |
2.51 (1.38, 4.56)
| 1.49 (0.91, 2.45) |
1.71 (1.19, 2.44)
|
2.05 (1.41, 2.98)
|
1.83 (1.48, 2.27)
|
ORadj (95 % CI) | 1.00 |
2.69 (1.47, 4.91)
| 1.29 (0.77, 2.15) |
1.78 (1.25, 2.55)
|
2.10(1.44, 3.07)
|
1.83 (1.47, 2.28)
|