Introduction
Patients and methods
Study population
Measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population
Available PSQI data (n = 560) | Unavailable PSQI data (n = 179) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (mean, SD) | 63 (9) | 63 (11) | 0.33 |
Women | 142 (25%) | 48 (27%) | 0.70 |
Education levela,b | |||
Low | 215 (42%) | 64 (49%) | 0.19 |
Middle | 136 (26%) | 35 (27%) | |
High | 166 (32%) | 32 (24%) | |
Living alonea | 108 (21%) | 56 (43%) | < 0.001 |
HNC location | |||
Oral cavity | 157 (28%) | 42 (24%) | 0.34 |
Oropharynxc | 198 (35%) | 64 (36%) | |
Hypopharynx | 35 (6%) | 17 (10%) | |
Larynx | 152 (27%) | 53 (30%) | |
Unknown primary | 18 (3%) | 3 (2%) | |
HNC stage | |||
I | 134 (24%) | 29 (16%) | 0.086 |
II | 103 (18%) | 29 (16%) | |
III | 90 (16%) | 37 (21%) | |
IV | 233 (42%) | 84 (47%) | |
ECOG performance status | |||
0 | 398 (71%) | 109 (61%) | 0.012 |
1 or more | 162 (29%) | 70 (39%) | |
Comorbiditya | |||
None | 172 (32%) | 32 (19%) | 0.002 |
Mild | 203 (38%) | 61 (37%) | |
Moderate | 109 (20%) | 46 (28%) | |
Severe | 50 (9%) | 26 (16%) |
Sleep quality
PSQI component | Mean (SD) or median (IQR) | n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Subjective sleep qualitya | NA | ||
Component score | 0 (very good) | 137 (25) | |
1 (fairly good) | 303 (54) | ||
2 (fairly bad) | 107 (19) | ||
3 (very bad) | 12 (2) | ||
Sleep latency, in minutesb | 13 (8–30) | ||
Component score* | 0 | 208 (39) | |
1 | 196 (36) | ||
2 | 87 (16) | ||
3 | 47 (9) | ||
Sleep duration, in hoursc | 7.1 (1.3) | ||
Component score | 0 (> 7 h) | 365 (65) | |
1 (6–7 h) | 122 (22) | ||
2 (5–6 h) | 44 (8) | ||
3 (< 5 h) | 26 (5) | ||
Sleep efficiencyd | NA | ||
Component score* | 0 (> 85%) | 322 (58) | |
1 (75–84%) | 125 (23) | ||
2 (65–74%) | 42 (7) | ||
3 (< 65%) | 64 (12) | ||
Sleep disturbancese | NA | ||
Component score* | 0 | 23 (4) | |
1 | 328 (59) | ||
2 | 185 (33) | ||
3 | 22 (4) | ||
Use of sleep medicationa | NA | ||
Component score | 0 (not during the past month) | 460 (82) | |
1 (< 1/week) | 15 (3) | ||
2 (1–2/week) | 28 (5) | ||
3 (≥ 3/week) | 56 (10) | ||
Daytime dysfunctiona | NA | ||
Component score* | 0 | 250 (45) | |
1 | 256 (46) | ||
2 | 50 (9) | ||
3 | 3 (0.5) | ||
Questions answered by bed partner/roommate about patients’ sleep behavior (n = 417) f | NA | ||
Loud snoring ≥ 1/week | 173 (43) | ||
Long breathing pause ≥ 1/week | 50 (12) | ||
Legs twitching ≥ 1/week | 35 (9) | ||
Episodes of disorientation ≥ 1/week | 4 (1) |
Factors associated with poor sleep quality
All patients (n = 560) | Good sleep (n = 314) | Poor sleep (n = 246) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean, SD) | 63 (9) | 64 (9) | 62 (9) | 0.020 |
Women, n (%) | 142 (25) | 51 (36) | 91 (64) | 0.001 |
Education, n (%)a, b | ||||
Low | 215 (42) | 117 (54) | 98 (46) | 0.40 |
Middle | 136 (26) | 84 (62) | 52 (38) | |
High | 166 (32) | 95 (57) | 71 (43) | |
Living alone, n (%)a | 108 (21) | 59 (55) | 49 (45) | 0.59 |
Had bed partner, n (%)a | 385 (70) | 223 (58) | 162 (42) | 0.16 |
Coping, mean (SD) or median (IQR)a | ||||
Active coping | 11.7 (4) | 12 (4) | 11.3 (4) | 0.035 |
Palliative reaction | 9.3 (3) | 9 (4) | 9.8 (4) | 0.006 |
Avoidance coping | 7.3 (4) | 7 (3) | 7.5 (3) | 0.068 |
Seeking social support | 6.9 (3) | 6.8 (3) | 7.1 (3) | 0.27 |
Passive coping | 3 (1–5) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (2–6) | < 0.001 |
Expression of emotions | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.001 |
Comforting thoughts | 7.3 (2) | 7.1 (2) | 7.5 (3) | 0.078 |
HNC location, n (%) | ||||
Oral cavity | 157 (28) | 74 (47) | 83 (53) | 0.008 |
Oropharynx | 198 (35) | 108 (55) | 90 (45) | |
Hypopharynx | 35 (6) | 19 (54) | 16 (46) | |
Larynx | 152 (27) | 103 (68) | 49 (32) | |
Unknown primary | 18 (3) | 10 (56) | 8 (44) | |
HNC stage, n (%) | ||||
I | 134 (24) | 84 (63) | 50 (37) | 0.24 |
II | 103 (18) | 59 (57) | 44 (43) | |
III | 90 (16) | 45 (50) | 45 (50) | |
IV | 233 (42) | 126 (54) | 107 (46) | |
ECOG performance status, n (%) | ||||
0 | 398 (71) | 231 (58) | 167 (42) | 0.16 |
1 or more | 162 (29) | 83 (51) | 79 (49) | |
Comorbidity, n (%)a | ||||
None | 172 (32) | 102 (59) | 70 (41) | 0.42 |
Mild | 203 (38) | 113 (56) | 90 (44) | |
Moderate | 109 (20) | 62 (57) | 47 (43) | |
Severe | 50 (9) | 23 (46) | 27 (54) | |
Head-neck symptoms, mean (SD) or n (%)a | ||||
Oral pain | 26 (24) | 22 (22) | 32 (26) | < 0.001 |
Swallowing problems | 16 (21) | 13 (20) | 19 (22) | < 0.001 |
Sense problems | 8 (17) | 7 (14) | 10 (19) | 0.008 |
Speech problems | 19 (23) | 17 (22) | 20 (24) | 0.16 |
Problems with social eating | 11 (17) | 8 (15) | 15 (19) | < 0.001 |
Problems with social contact | 4 (10) | 3 (7) | 6 (12) | < 0.001 |
Less sexual interest and enjoyment | 26 (31) | 20 (27) | 34 (34) | < 0.001 |
Teeth problems | 16 (27) | 13 (25) | 19 (30) | 0.013 |
Problems with opening mouth | 12 (25) | 10 (22) | 14 (28) | 0.053 |
Dry mouth | 16 (23) | 13 (21) | 19 (25) | 0.001 |
Sticky saliva | 14 (24) | 12 (22) | 17 (25) | 0.017 |
Coughing | 23 (24) | 22 (22) | 25 (26) | 0.11 |
Feeling ill | 13 (23) | 9 (18) | 18 (24) | < 0.001 |
Used painkillersc | 299 (54%) | 141 (47%) | 158 (53%) | < 0.001 |
Used nutritional supplementsc | 86 (16%) | 36 (42%) | 50 (58%) | 0.006 |
Had weight lossc | 133 (24%) | 65 (49%) | 68 (51%) | 0.056 |
Had weight gainc | 57 (10%) | 29 (51%) | 28 (49%) | 0.40 |
Smoking daily, n (%)a | 123 (22) | 62 (50) | 61 (50) | 0.18 |
Excessive alcohol consumption, n (%)a | 124 (22) | 73 (59) | 51 (41) | 0.54 |
PASE global score, median (IQR)a | 84 (43–144) | 83 (46–134) | 90 (39–154) | 0.51 |
Covariatesa | OR | p value | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.98 | 0.049 | 0.96–1.00 |
Female | 2.6 | < 0.001 | 1.7–4.1 |
Passive coping | 1.18 | < 0.001 | 1.09–1.28 |
Oral painb | 1.10 | 0.023 | 1.01–1.19 |
Less sexual interest and enjoymentb | 1.13 | < 0.001 | 1.06 – 1.20 |