Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Study population
Sample size and sampling procedures
Socio-demographic data
Collection and analysis of blood samples
Statistical analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Hoima (N = 387) | Gulu (N = 356) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Number | Percent | Number | Percent |
Age | ||||
≤19 | 102 | 26.4 | 97 | 27.3 |
20–24 | 116 | 30.0 | 127 | 35.7 |
25–29 | 91 | 23.5 | 87 | 24.4 |
30–34 | 54 | 14.0 | 32 | 9.0 |
35–39 | 22 | 5.7 | 9 | 2.5 |
>39 | 2 | 0.5 | 4 | 1.2 |
Education level | ||||
No education | 26 | 6.7 | 23 | 6.5 |
Primary | 186 | 48.1 | 204 | 57.3 |
Secondary | 149 | 38.5 | 104 | 29.2 |
Tertiary | 26 | 6.7 | 25 | 7.0 |
Still in school | ||||
Yes | 26 | 6.7 | 13 | 3.7 |
No | 361 | 93.3 | 343 | 96.3 |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 321 | 83.0 | 332 | 93.3 |
Single | 60 | 15.5 | 19 | 5.3 |
Widowed | 1 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.8 |
Separated/divorced | 5 | 1.3 | 2 | 0.6 |
Occupation | ||||
Farming | 130 | 33.6 | 92 | 25.8 |
Trader | 92 | 23.8 | 62 | 17.4 |
Formal employment | 51 | 13.2 | 32 | 9.0 |
Handicraft | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 2.8 |
Housewife | 114 | 29.4 | 160 | 44.9 |
Household size | ||||
1–5 | 286 | 73.9 | 249 | 69.9 |
6–10 | 94 | 24.3 | 96 | 27.0 |
>10 | 7 | 1.8 | 11 | 3.1 |
Wealth index | ||||
Lowest | 278 | 71.8 | 184 | 51.7 |
Second lowest | 85 | 22.0 | 149 | 41.9 |
Medium | 15 | 3.9 | 17 | 4.8 |
High | 9 | 2.3 | 6 | 1.7 |
Residence | ||||
Rural | 164 | 42.4 | 137 | 38.5 |
Urban | 223 | 57.6 | 219 | 61.5 |
Trimester | ||||
First | 42 | 10.8 | 13 | 3.7 |
Second | 200 | 51.7 | 105 | 29.5 |
Third | 145 | 37.5 | 238 | 66.8 |
Gravidity | ||||
1–4 | 309 | 79.8 | 301 | 84.6 |
>4 | 78 | 20.2 | 55 | 15.4 |
Delivery gap | ||||
Never delivered | 130 | 33.6 | 120 | 33.7 |
1–11 months | 10 | 2.6 | 12 | 3.4 |
12–24 | 75 | 19.4 | 41 | 11.5 |
25–36 | 60 | 15.5 | 79 | 22.2 |
>36 | 112 | 28.9 | 104 | 29.2 |
District | Number | Percent |
---|---|---|
Gulu | ||
Total anaemia | 117 | 32.9 |
Mild anaemia | 82 | 23.0 |
Moderate anaemia | 32 | 9.0 |
Severe anaemia | 3 | 0.8 |
Hoima | ||
Total anaemia | 47 | 12.1 |
Mild anaemia | 35 | 9.0 |
Moderate anaemia | 10 | 2.5 |
Severe anaemia | 2 | 0.5 |
Variable | Anaemic | Non anaemic | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | ||
Age | |||||
≤19 | 47 | 23.6 | 152 | 76.4 | |
20–24 | 48 | 19.8 | 195 | 80.2 | 0.62 |
25–29 | 42 | 23.6 | 136 | 79.4 | |
30–34 | 21 | 24.4 | 65 | 75.6 | |
35–39 | 4 | 12.9 | 27 | 87.1 | 0.58b
|
>39 | 2 | 33.3 | 4 | 66.7 | |
Education | |||||
No education | 11 | 45.8 | 13 | 54.2 | |
Primary | 87 | 22.8 | 295 | 77.2 | 0.01a
|
Secondary | 59 | 20.9 | 224 | 79.1 | |
Higher | 7 | 13.0 | 47 | 87.0 | |
Still in school | |||||
Yes | 3 | 7.7 | 36 | 92.3 | 0.03b
|
No | 161 | 22.9 | 543 | 77.1 | 0.03a
|
Occupation | |||||
Farmer | 38 | 17.1 | 184 | 81.9 | |
Trader | 31 | 20.1 | 123 | 79.9 | 0.03a
|
Formal employment | 15 | 18.1 | 68 | 81.9 | |
Handicraft | 3 | 30.0 | 7 | 70.0 | 0.03b
|
Housewife | 77 | 28.1 | 197 | 71.9 | |
Residence | |||||
Rural | 67 | 22.3 | 234 | 77.7 | 0.9 |
Urban | 97 | 22.0 | 345 | 78.0 | |
Marital status | |||||
Single | 14 | 17.7 | 65 | 82.3 | 0.2 |
Married | 145 | 22.2 | 508 | 77.8 | |
Widowed | 2 | 50.0 | 2 | 50.0 | 0.1b
|
Separated/divorced | 3 | 42.9 | 4 | 57.1 | |
District | |||||
Hoima | 47 | 12.1 | 340 | 87.9 | <0.01a
|
Gulu | 117 | 32.9 | 239 | 67.1 | |
Trimester | |||||
First | 8 | 14.6 | 47 | 85.4 | 0.2 |
Second | 63 | 20.7 | 242 | 79.3 | |
Third | 93 | 24.3 | 290 | 75.7 | |
Gravidity | |||||
1–4 | 133 | 21.8 | 477 | 78.2 | 0.7 |
>5 | 31 | 23.3 | 102 | 76.7 | |
Delivery gap (months) | |||||
Never delivered | 61 | 24.4 | 189 | 75.6 | 0.8 |
1–11 | 5 | 22.7 | 17 | 77.3 | |
12–24 | 23 | 19.8 | 93 | 80.2 | |
25–36 | 31 | 22.3 | 108 | 77.7 | |
>36 | 44 | 20.4 | 172 | 79.6 | |
Household size | |||||
1–5 | 111 | 20.8 | 424 | 79.2 | 0.3 |
6–10 | 48 | 25.3 | 142 | 74.7 | |
>10 | 5 | 27.8 | 13 | 72.2 | |
Wealth index | |||||
Lowest | 100 | 21.7 | 362 | 78.3 | 0.7 |
Second lowest | 56 | 23.9 | 178 | 76.1 | |
Middle | 5 | 15.6 | 27 | 84.4 | |
High | 3 | 20.0 | 12 | 80.0 |
Variable | Number | Anaemic (%) | Crude OR (95 % CI) | AOR (95 % CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
<20 | 199 | 47 (23.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
20–24 | 243 | 48 (19.8) | 0.8 (0.51–1.60) | 1.8 (0.50–1.32) |
25–29 | 178 | 42 (23.6) | 1.0 (0.62–1.61) | 1.1 (0.63–1.80) |
30–34 | 86 | 21 (24.4) | 1.0 (0.58–1.89) | 1.3 (0.68–2.56) |
35–39 | 31 | 4 (12.9) | 0.5 (0.16–1.45) | 0.6 (0.19–1.85) |
≥40 | 6 | 2 (33.3) | 1.6 (0.29–9.16) | 1.4 (0.22–8.99) |
Education | ||||
No education | 24 | 16 (32.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Primary | 382 | 86 (22.1) | 0.3 (0.15–0.81) | 0.5 (0.27–1.10) |
Secondary | 283 | 55 (21.7) | 0.3 (0.13–0.74) | 0.6 (0.30–1.31) |
Higher | 547 | 7 (13.0) | 0.2 (0.52–0.60) | 0.4 (0.11–1.20) |
Occupation | ||||
Farmer | 222 | 38 (17.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Trader | 154 | 31 (20.1) | 1.2 (0.72–2.07) | 1.3 (0.73–2.21) |
Formal employment | 83 | 15 (18.1) | 1.1 (0.55–2.07) | 1.4 (0.63–2.96) |
Handicraft | 10 | 3 (30.0) | 2.1 (0.51–8.44) | 1.1 (0.25–4.45) |
Housewife | 274 | 77 (28.1) | 1.9 (1.22–2.94) | 1.7 (1.05–2.68) |
Residence | ||||
Rural | 301 | 67 (22.3) | 1.0 | |
Urban | 442 | 97 (22.0) | 1.0 (0.69–1.40) | |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 79 | 14 (17.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Married | 653 | 145 (22.2) | 1.3 (0.72–2.43) | 0.8 (0.43–1.64) |
Widowed | 4 | 2 (50) | 4.6 (0.58–37.46) | 2.0 (0.21–18.89) |
Separated/divorced | 7 | 3 (42.9) | 3.0 (0.68–17.92) | 3.0 (0.55–16.85) |
District | ||||
Hoima | 387 | 47 (12.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Gulu | 356 | 117 (32.9) | 3.5 (2.40–5.23) | 3.6 (2.41–5.58) |
Trimester | ||||
First | 55 | 8 (14.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Second | 305 | 63 (20.7) | 1.5 (0.69–3.41) | 1.5 (0.63–3.39) |
Third | 383 | 93 (24.3) | 1.9 (0.86–4.14) | 1.2 (0.52–2.74) |
Gravidity | ||||
1–4 | 610 | 133 (21.80) | 1.0 | |
≥5 | 133 | 31 (23.3) | 1.1 (0.70–1.70) | |
Delivery gap | ||||
None | 250 | 61 (24.2) | 1.0 | |
1–11 | 22 | 5 (22.7) | 0.9 (0.32–2.58) | |
12–24 | 116 | 23 (19.8) | 0.8 (0.45–1.32) | |
25–36 | 139 | 31 (22.3) | 0.9 (0.54–1.46) | |
>36 | 216 | 44 (20.4) | 0.8 (0.51–1.23) | |
Household size | ||||
1–5 | 535 | 111 20.8 | 1.0 | |
6–10 | 190 | 48 25.3 | 1.3 (0.25–1.79) | |
>10 | 18 | 5 27.8 | 1.5 (0.51–4.21) | |
Wealth index | ||||
Lowest | 462 | 100 (21.7) | 1.0 | |
Second lowest | 234 | 56 (23.9) | 1.1 (0.78–1.66) | |
Middle | 32 | 5 (15.6) | 0.7 (0.25–1.79) | |
High | 15 | 3 (20.0) | 0.9 (0.25–3.27) | |
Still in school | ||||
Yes | 39 | 3 (7.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
No | 704 | 161 (22.9) | 3.7 (1.11–12.10) | 2.6 (0.73–9.26) |