Introduction
Study design and methods
Study subjects
Spirometry and CT imaging data
Shape analysis
CT-based phenotypes
Emphysema | Small airways disease | Bronchial wall thickening | |
---|---|---|---|
--- | – | – | – |
E-- | ✓ | – | – |
-S- | – | ✓ | – |
--B | – | – | ✓ |
ES- | ✓ | ✓ | – |
-SB | – | ✓ | ✓ |
E-B | ✓ | – | ✓ |
ESB | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Data and statistical analysis
Results
Population characteristics
Never-smoked normal | GOLD 0 | GOLD I | GOLD II | GOLD III | GOLD IV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 67 | 2842 | 567 | 1483 | 892 | 451 | |
Age (years) | 59.5 [53.9–66.8] | 55.6 [50.2–63.0] | 61.9 [55.0–68.9] | 62.6 [55.9–69.4] | 65.2 [58.7–71.1] | 64.4 [59.2–69.8] | |
Sex (%Males) | 23 (34%) | 1434 (50%) | 323 (57%) | 782 (53%) | 522 (59%) | 269 (60%) | |
Weight (kg) | 81.0 [66.0–88.3] | 82.7 [71.1–95.2] | 77.6 [67.0–87.0] | 82.0 [69.2–94.8] | 80.0 [65.4–94.0] | 72.2 [60.2–84.6] | |
Height (cm) | 166.4 [159.8–173.4] | 170.0 [163.0–177.0] | 170.0 [162.6–177.8] | 170.0 [162.9–176.6] | 169.9 [162.6–177.0] | 170.2 [163.0–176.6] | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 [24.5–31.7] | 28.3 [25.0–32.5] | 26.5 [23.7–29.8] | 27.9 [24.5–32.1] | 27.1 [23.6–31.7] | 24.8 [21.6–28.8] | |
Pack-years | 0.0 [0.0–0.0] | 34.2 [22.6–46.3] | 40.8 [30.0–54.5] | 45.5 [33.6–64.5] | 49.5 [38.0–69.0] | 49.5 [38.0–74.5] | |
FEV1 (L) | 2.8 [2.3–3.4] | 2.8 [2.4–3.3] | 2.6 [2.2–3.1] | 1.8 [1.5–2.2] | 1.1 [0.9–1.3] | 0.7 [0.5–0.8] | |
FEV1 (%Pred) | 103.4 [93.8–115.6] | 95.9 [88.5–104.4] | 88.3 [84.2–95.2] | 65.6 [57.7–72.0] | 40.5 [35.4–45.0] | 23.6 [19.0–26.7] | |
FVC (L) | 3.6 [2.9–4.3] | 3.6 [3.0–4.3] | 4.1 [3.4–4.8] | 3.1 [2.6–3.8] | 2.6 [2.1–3.2] | 2.1 [1.7–2.6] | |
FVC (%Pred) | 98.5 [90.5–109.3] | 95.5 [88.4–104.1] | 105.3 [98.5–112.7] | 85.2 [77.5–93.2] | 70.7 [62.3–79.0] | 55.5 [46.9–65.7] | |
FEV1/FVC | 0.8 [0.8–0.8] | 0.8 [0.7–0.8] | 0.7 [0.6–0.7] | 0.6 [0.5–0.7] | 0.4 [0.4–0.5] | 0.3 [0.3–0.4] | |
PEF (L/s) | 7.8 [6.5–9.2] | 7.4 [6.2–9.0] | 6.9 [5.6–8.7] | 5.2 [4.2–6.5] | 3.4 [2.7–4.3] | 2.3 [1.8–2.9] | |
FEF25-75 (L/s) | 3.1 [2.3–3.6] | 2.6 [2.0–3.3] | 1.3 [0.9–1.6] | 0.7 [0.5–1.0] | 0.4 [0.3–0.4] | 0.2 [0.2–0.3] | |
%Emphysema | 0.2 [0.0–0.5] | 0.2 [0.1–0.8] | 1.5 [0.4–4.3] | 2.7 [0.7–8.2] | 13.6 [4.8–24.8] | 27.0 [16.6–39.2] | |
%Gas Trapping | 6.5 [4.3–10.0] | 6.6 [3.1–11.2] | 13.9 [8.0–21.5] | 19.6 [11.8–28.5] | 33.0 [25.0–39.5] | 36.9 [31.7–43.5] | |
Pi10 (mm) | 1.7 [1.5–1.9] | 1.9 [1.7–2.2] | 2.0 [1.8–2.4] | 2.5 [2.2–2.9] | 2.8 [2.5–3.2] | 2.9 [2.5–3.2] |
Principal components
Multivariate analysis on PRM emph
Entire spectrum (n = 6302) | Mild COPD (n = 567) | Moderate−severe COPD (n = 2826) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted R2 = 0.50 | Adjusted R2 = 0.17 | Adjusted R2 = 0.50 | ||||||||||
β | P-value | β | P-value | β | P-value | |||||||
Age | 1.32 | < 0.001 | 1.08 | < 0.001 | 1.40 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Sex | − 0.58 | < 0.001 | − 0.70 | 0.01 | − 0.06 | 0.80 | ||||||
Height | 0.63 | < 0.001 | 0.38 | 0.16 | 1.71 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Weight | − 1.80 | < 0.001 | − 0.91 | < 0.001 | − 3.18 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Pack-years | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.05 | − 0.12 | 0.51 | ||||||
PC1 | − 4.87 | < 0.001 | − 1.55 | < 0.001 | − 2.49 | < 0.001 | ||||||
PC2 | − 4.34 | < 0.001 | − 1.42 | < 0.001 | − 7.28 | < 0.001 | ||||||
PC3 | − 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.001 | 2.25 | < 0.001 | ||||||
PC4 | − 1.37 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.90 | 0.001 |
Multivariate analysis on PRM fSAD
Entire spectrum (n = 6302) | Mild COPD (n = 567) | Moderate−severe COPD (n = 2826) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted R2 = 0.60 | Adjusted R2 = 0.20 | Adjusted R2 = 0.48 | ||||
β | P-value | β | P-value | β | P-value | |
Age | 2.73 | < 0.001 | 3.33 | < 0.001 | 2.13 | < 0.001 |
Sex | − 1.24 | < 0.001 | − 1.12 | 0.03 | − 0.96 | < 0.001 |
Height | 0.63 | < 0.001 | 1.21 | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.01 |
Weight | − 1.53 | < 0.001 | − 1.68 | < 0.001 | − 1.93 | < 0.001 |
Pack-years | 0.61 | < 0.001 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.56 | 0.002 |
PC1 | − 7.14 | < 0.001 | − 2.35 | < 0.001 | − 2.54 | < 0.001 |
PC2 | − 5.10 | < 0.001 | − 2.63 | < 0.001 | − 6.79 | < 0.001 |
PC3 | 1.11 | < 0.001 | 0.88 | 0.03 | 2.68 | < 0.001 |
PC4 | − 0.66 | < 0.001 | − 0.52 | 0.17 | 0.69 | 0.01 |