Introduction
The movement to develop and disseminate clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) has been well established for more than two decades [1]. This movement was initially rooted somewhat in the need to curtail or restrict practice variation in the US health-care system and slowly widespread to the rest of the world, very much linked to the evidence-based medicine movement [1, 2].
As the years passed the procedures and requirements for development of clinical guidelines have been more and more standardized, guideline clearing houses created, and robust guideline appraisal instruments developed [3‐6].
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Guidelines are not self-implementing. Developing guidelines and making them available to health-care professionals does not ensure their use [4]. Two of the key issues related to the success in the implementation of clinical guidelines are the quality of the guideline and that it is developed or approved by a credible body or association [1].
In 2014, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) updated the standardized operating procedures for the elaboration, evaluation, dissemination, and implementation of recommendations endorsed by the EULAR standing committees for musculoskeletal disorders, either in general (e.g., inflammatory diseases) or specific (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) [7, 8]. EULAR states that for successful implementation, a separate project is usually necessary, selecting one or more established implementation strategies, such as knowledge about the recommendations, inclusion of recommendations in quality indicators, reimbursement dependent on fulfillment of certain recommendations, and audit feedback [7].
Several guidelines or recommendations have been developed in Latin America for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the characteristics and differences of these guidelines, and to describe a survey performed among Latin American rheumatologists, related to the knowledge and use of clinical guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis, and the implementation of clinical guidelines in their own setting.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search was performed including the following databases: Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and Scielo. The words rheumatoid arthritis, and recommendation or guide or guidelines and Latin America, or each one of the Latin American countries was used for the search. All Latin American rheumatology societies or associations were contacted, and their official journals were searched by hand looking for rheumatoid arthritis guidelines or recommendations. Only guidelines developed by scientific societies have been included; recommendations or guidelines developed by governments or regulatory agencies were not considered. When a guideline had several updates, only the last one was included.
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Guidelines were analyzed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) instrument [6] and summarized in a table.
On the other hand, a survey with five specific questions related to the use of treatment guidelines in clinical practice was sent to all PANLAR members. The main topics addressed were knowledge about guidelines worldwide, application of the recommendations, extrapolation to whole rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient population, and difficulties in implementing clinical guidelines in different countries.
Results
Nine National and one Latin American guidelines (Table 1) were identified [9‐16] (Three out of 35 papers retrieved were identified in PubMed: Mexican, Brazilian, and PANLAR; two extra ones out of 40 papers retrieved were identified in LILACS-Scielo: Argentinean and Chilean; No results were obtained from the Cochrane database; another five guidelines were found in non-indexed Societies Journals or after asking the Societies). Guideline characteristics according to the AGREE instrument [6] are summarized in Table 1. Six of the 10 (60 %) guidelines were evidence based, and in four (40 %) a systematic literature review was performed. None of the guidelines included patients’ views and preferences. Only three guidelines (30 %) provided a procedure for updating the guideline, four (40 %) were editorially independent from the funding body, and in two conflicts of interest of guideline development members were recorded. Only one guideline considered potential cost implications of applying the recommendations.
Table 1
Guidelines characteristics according to some of components of the AGREE instrument [6]
Scope and purpose | Stakeholder involvement | Rigor of development | Clarity and presentation | Applicability | Editorial independence | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Year | Overall objective(s) of the guideline is (are) specifically described | Patients’ views and preferences included | Evidence based | Systematic literature search done | Updating procedure provided | Recommendations specific and unambiguous | Cost implications considered | Editorially independent from the funding body | Conflicts of interest recorded |
Colombia [10] | 2002 | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
PANLAR [9] | 2006 | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Uruguay | 2007 | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Chile [16] | 2007 | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Ecuador | 2010 | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Costa Rica [14] | 2011 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Venezuela | 2011 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Brazil [19] | 2012 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Argentina [15] | 2013 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Mexico [11] | 2014 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
All guidelines recommended traditional disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) monotherapy or DMARDs combination as first line therapy (Table 2). All guidelines suggested failure to at least two DMARDs before biologic therapy, except the two newest ones (Mexico and Argentina) that accepted biologics after failure to just one traditional DMARD. None of the guidelines recommended biologics or small molecules as first-line therapy.
Table 2
Summary of Latin American guidelines recommendations
Country | First line treatment | Number of DMARDs suggested before biologics | Combination of DMARDs suggested before biologics | Biologics considered as first line | Small molecules recommended |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colombia [10] | DMARDs | Not stated | Yes | No | NA |
PANLAR [9] | DMARDs | Two (including combination DMARDs) | Yes | No | NA |
Uruguay | DMARDs | Two | Yes | No | NA |
Chile [16] | DMARDs | Two | Yes | No | NA |
Ecuador | DMARDs | Two | Yes | No | NA |
Costa Rica [14] | DMARDs | Two | Yes | No | NA |
Venezuela | DMARDs | Two | Yes | No | NA |
Brazil [19] | DMARDs | Two | Yes | No | NA |
Argentina [15] | DMARDs | One | Yes | Yes (Patients with contraindications for DMARDs) | After biologics |
Mexico [11] | DMARDs | One | Yes | No | After biologics |
Two hundred and fourteen rheumatologists, from different Latin American (LA) countries, answered the survey. Most of the rheumatologists reported knowledge about at least one guideline on the treatment of RA (94.59 %). Among them, 82.45 % declared that they apply the recommendations in their daily clinical practice. Several guidelines from different countries and scientific societies were mentioned as used for treating patients with RA. Guidelines from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) were reported as the more frequently used. However, recommendations of other scientific societies were cited, such as from Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Spain. Some countries have government guidelines that are used by rheumatologists like Brazil, Chile, and Peru. More than a half of physicians answering the survey referred that guidelines are not suitable for a high proportion of their patients, and are not suitable and practical for the management of individual patient. According to their view, this was due at least in part, to the presence of comorbidities in their population, not contemplated in the guidelines.
An interesting point about barriers to implementation of guidelines in clinical settings was addressed. Most of the physicians (63.9 %) think that patients have limited access to drugs. Several reasons were mentioned to explain that, including poorly organized health-care systems, government economic issues, low socioeconomic status, and low education level. Another explanation suggested is that there might be a lack of knowledge about the guidelines by physicians treating patients with RA. A low percentage of responders had difficulties using the guidelines because some of them are outdated. Less than 5 % of colleagues do not agree with the treatment recommendations in the guidelines.
Discussion
In 1992, the Institute of Medicine report defined guidelines as “systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances.” It is a generalized view that in spite of the existence of internationally accepted guidelines, local guidelines have an important role in the management of diseases at regional level. Several Latin American rheumatology societies and associations members of PANLAR have developed their own guidelines or recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a frequent disease in Latin America, and the appearance of new effective high-cost therapies urged medical associations to develop guidelines to standardize the management of this disease, before it was done by governments or payers, which are not directly dealing with patients themselves. As most of the guidelines have been evidence based, they look very much alike.
There are however some issues nowadays considered an indispensable part of high-quality developed clinical practice guidelines, which most of the Latin American guidelines have not included: patients’ views and preferences, procedures for updating the guidelines, and disclosure of conflicts of interest of guideline development members. These issues should be considered in future guidelines to be developed. The survey, although answered by a low number of rheumatologists, produced some interesting results that are very much in line with the previous thoughts on the issue. Most of rheumatologists are aware of the existence of international and local guidelines and they use them in clinical practice. In spite that most of them agree with the guidelines and only a very few minority disagrees, most of them think that the recommendations do not apply to a large number of their patients. That most probably happens because guidelines are evidence based, and the best evidence comes from randomized clinical trials that in fact do exclude many of the usual patients seen in daily clinical practice. The Latin American social economic situation was also pointed out, where in many regions and countries most patients do not have access to effective, high-cost treatments. Inequities among different countries and among different health-care systems even in the same country are the norm in Latin America, and medical associations have an important role to help to narrow the gap.
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Guidelines are also important for health authorities and payers, to unify the way patients are treated. In spite that, as shown here, many rheumatology societies have developed their own guidelines, health regulatory authorities do not always accept them, and there is an increased tendency from governments in Latin America to develop their own recommendations. Examples are the Peruvian and Colombian governments [17, 18]. It would be important that these initiatives include the local societies in the elaboration of the guidelines and not just some rheumatologists, to give better representativeness and acceptance by rheumatologists to the recommendation. Even though health authorities and regulatory agencies might try to impose treatment strategies, in most of Latin American laws the ultimate responsible of the prescription is the physician that should be convinced and agree with the indication.
In summary, there is an important work that has been done in Latin America in order to improve the knowledge and management of rheumatoid arthritis according to evidence. There is still however much more to do if we want that the guidelines are fully implemented and patients have access to the treatments they deserve.
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