Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Pediatrics 8/2008

01.08.2008 | Original Paper

Proposed management of childhood tuberculosis in low-incidence countries

verfasst von: Klaus Magdorf, Anne K. Detjen

Erschienen in: European Journal of Pediatrics | Ausgabe 8/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The incidence of childhood tuberculosis continues to decline in central Europe, but due to migration from high incidence countries paediatricians will still be confronted with it. The management of childhood tuberculosis in low-incidence, high-income countries differs from most high-incidence countries. The primary measures for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis to children are the detection of adult source cases, detection of latent TB infection (LTBI) in children by history, tuberculin skin testing and, if necessary and recommended, interferon-γ release assays. Children with LTBI should receive preventive therapy. The inclusion of tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of unclear pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease remains important, and tuberculosis has to be managed according to international standards.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Aaron L, Saadoun D, Calatroni I, Launay O, Mémain N, Vincent V, Marchal G, Dupont B, Bouchaud O, Valeyre D, Lortholary O (2004) Tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a comprehensive review. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:388–398PubMedCrossRef Aaron L, Saadoun D, Calatroni I, Launay O, Mémain N, Vincent V, Marchal G, Dupont B, Bouchaud O, Valeyre D, Lortholary O (2004) Tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a comprehensive review. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:388–398PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Algood HM, Lin PL, Flynn JL (2005) Tumor necrosis factor and chemokine interactions in the formation and maintenance of granulomas in tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 41(Suppl 3):S189–S193PubMedCrossRef Algood HM, Lin PL, Flynn JL (2005) Tumor necrosis factor and chemokine interactions in the formation and maintenance of granulomas in tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 41(Suppl 3):S189–S193PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Alzeer AH, FitzGerald JM (1993) Corticosteroids and tuberculosis: risks and use as adjunct therapy. Tubercle Lung Dis 74:6–11CrossRef Alzeer AH, FitzGerald JM (1993) Corticosteroids and tuberculosis: risks and use as adjunct therapy. Tubercle Lung Dis 74:6–11CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Disease Society of America (2003) Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 167:63–662 American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Disease Society of America (2003) Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 167:63–662
5.
Zurück zum Zitat American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Targeted tuberculin testing, and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:221–247 American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000) Targeted tuberculin testing, and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:221–247
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Andersen P, Doherty TM, Pai M, Weldingh K (2007) The prognosis of latent tuberculosis: can disease be predicted? Trends Mol Med 13:175–182PubMedCrossRef Andersen P, Doherty TM, Pai M, Weldingh K (2007) The prognosis of latent tuberculosis: can disease be predicted? Trends Mol Med 13:175–182PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartmann K, Massmann W (1961) Die Blutspiegel des INH bei Erwachsenen und Kindern. Beitr Klin Tuberk 124:310–319CrossRef Bartmann K, Massmann W (1961) Die Blutspiegel des INH bei Erwachsenen und Kindern. Beitr Klin Tuberk 124:310–319CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Beglinger C, Dudler J, Mottet C, Nicod L, Seibold F, Villiger PM, Zellweger JP (2007) Screening for tuberculosis infection before initiation of anti-TNF-a therapy. Swiss Med Wkly 137:621–622 Beglinger C, Dudler J, Mottet C, Nicod L, Seibold F, Villiger PM, Zellweger JP (2007) Screening for tuberculosis infection before initiation of anti-TNF-a therapy. Swiss Med Wkly 137:621–622
9.
10.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Broekmans JF, Migliori GB, Rieder HL, Lees J, Ruutu P, Loddenkemper R, Raviglione MC (2002) European framework for tuberculosis control and elimination in countries with a low incidence. Eur Respir J 19:765–775PubMedCrossRef Broekmans JF, Migliori GB, Rieder HL, Lees J, Ruutu P, Loddenkemper R, Raviglione MC (2002) European framework for tuberculosis control and elimination in countries with a low incidence. Eur Respir J 19:765–775PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Tuberculosis Committee (2007) Interferon gamma release assays for latent tuberculosis infection. Canada Communicable Disease Report 2007, vol 33. Public Health Agency of Canada Canadian Tuberculosis Committee (2007) Interferon gamma release assays for latent tuberculosis infection. Canada Communicable Disease Report 2007, vol 33. Public Health Agency of Canada
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Casanova J-L, Abel L (2004) The human model: a genetic dissection of immunity to infection in natural conditions. Nat Rev Immunol 4:55–66PubMedCrossRef Casanova J-L, Abel L (2004) The human model: a genetic dissection of immunity to infection in natural conditions. Nat Rev Immunol 4:55–66PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005) Human tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis - New York City, 2001–2004. MMWR 54:605–608 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005) Human tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis - New York City, 2001–2004. MMWR 54:605–608
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1992) Management of persons exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. MMWR 41:61–71 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1992) Management of persons exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. MMWR 41:61–71
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Chintu C (2007) Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in children: management challenges. Paediatr Respir Rev 8:142–147PubMedCrossRef Chintu C (2007) Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in children: management challenges. Paediatr Respir Rev 8:142–147PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Colditz GA, Berkey CS, Mosteller F, Brewer TF, Wilson ME, Burdick E, Fineberg HV (1995) The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics 96:29–35PubMed Colditz GA, Berkey CS, Mosteller F, Brewer TF, Wilson ME, Burdick E, Fineberg HV (1995) The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics 96:29–35PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Comstock GW, Caras GJ, Koplan JP (1999) How much isoniazid is needed for prevention of tuberculosis among immunocompetent adults? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3:847–850PubMed Comstock GW, Caras GJ, Koplan JP (1999) How much isoniazid is needed for prevention of tuberculosis among immunocompetent adults? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3:847–850PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose (2001) Richtlinien zur medikamentösen Behandlung der Tuberkulose im Erwachsenen- und Kindesalter. Pneumologie 55:494–511CrossRef Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose (2001) Richtlinien zur medikamentösen Behandlung der Tuberkulose im Erwachsenen- und Kindesalter. Pneumologie 55:494–511CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Detjen AK, Keil T, Roll S, Hauer B, Mauch H, Wahn U, Magdorf K (2007) Interferon-γ release assays improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children in a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 45:322–328PubMedCrossRef Detjen AK, Keil T, Roll S, Hauer B, Mauch H, Wahn U, Magdorf K (2007) Interferon-γ release assays improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children in a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 45:322–328PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Diel R, Nienhaus A, Lange C, Schaberg T (2006) Cost-optimization of screening for latent tuberculosis in close contacts. Eur Respir J 28:35–44PubMedCrossRef Diel R, Nienhaus A, Lange C, Schaberg T (2006) Cost-optimization of screening for latent tuberculosis in close contacts. Eur Respir J 28:35–44PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Diel R, Forssbohm M, Loytved G, Haas W, Hauer B, Maffei D, Magdorf K, Nienhaus A, Rieder HL, Schaberg T, Zellweger JP, Loddenkemper R (2007) Recommendations for background studies in tuberculosis. Pneumologie 61:440–455PubMedCrossRef Diel R, Forssbohm M, Loytved G, Haas W, Hauer B, Maffei D, Magdorf K, Nienhaus A, Rieder HL, Schaberg T, Zellweger JP, Loddenkemper R (2007) Recommendations for background studies in tuberculosis. Pneumologie 61:440–455PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Doherty TM, Demissie A, Menzies D, Andersen P, Rook G, Zumla A, VACSEL Study Group (2005) Effect of sample handling on analysis of cytokine responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples using ELISA, ELISPOT and quantitative PCR. J Immunol Meth 298:129–141CrossRef Doherty TM, Demissie A, Menzies D, Andersen P, Rook G, Zumla A, VACSEL Study Group (2005) Effect of sample handling on analysis of cytokine responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples using ELISA, ELISPOT and quantitative PCR. J Immunol Meth 298:129–141CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Donald PR, Schaaf HS (2007) Old and new drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 8:134–141PubMedCrossRef Donald PR, Schaaf HS (2007) Old and new drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 8:134–141PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Dooley KE, Sterling TR (2005) Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: challenges and prospects. Clin Chest Med 26:313–326PubMedCrossRef Dooley KE, Sterling TR (2005) Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: challenges and prospects. Clin Chest Med 26:313–326PubMedCrossRef
26.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Ena J, Valls V (2005) Short-course therapy with rifampin plus isoniazid, compared with standard therapy with isoniazid, for latent tuberculosis infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 40:670–676PubMedCrossRef Ena J, Valls V (2005) Short-course therapy with rifampin plus isoniazid, compared with standard therapy with isoniazid, for latent tuberculosis infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 40:670–676PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Falzon D, Ait-Belghiti F (2007) What is tuberculosis surveillance in the European Union telling us? Clin Infect Dis 44:1268–1270CrossRef Falzon D, Ait-Belghiti F (2007) What is tuberculosis surveillance in the European Union telling us? Clin Infect Dis 44:1268–1270CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Goletti D, Parracino MP, Butera O, Bizzoni F, Casetti R, Dainotto D, Anzidei G, Nisii C, Ippolito G, Poccia F, Girardi E (2007) Isoniazid prophylaxis differently modulates T-cell responses to RD1-epitopes in contacts recently exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a pilot study. Respir Res 8:5PubMedCrossRef Goletti D, Parracino MP, Butera O, Bizzoni F, Casetti R, Dainotto D, Anzidei G, Nisii C, Ippolito G, Poccia F, Girardi E (2007) Isoniazid prophylaxis differently modulates T-cell responses to RD1-epitopes in contacts recently exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a pilot study. Respir Res 8:5PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Haimi-Cohen Y (2001) Skin indurations in response to tuberculin testing in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis. Clin Infect Dis 33:1786–1788PubMedCrossRef Haimi-Cohen Y (2001) Skin indurations in response to tuberculin testing in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis. Clin Infect Dis 33:1786–1788PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Haute Autorité de Santé (2006) Test de détéction de la production d’interferon-g pour le diagnosis des infection tuberculeuses. http://www.has-sante.fr. Accessed 10 April 2008 Haute Autorité de Santé (2006) Test de détéction de la production d’interferon-g pour le diagnosis des infection tuberculeuses. http://​www.​has-sante.​fr. Accessed 10 April 2008
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Haverkamp MH, Arend SM, Lindeboom JA, Hartwig NG, van Dissel JT (2004) Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in children: a 2-year prospective surveillance study in the Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis 39:450–456PubMedCrossRef Haverkamp MH, Arend SM, Lindeboom JA, Hartwig NG, van Dissel JT (2004) Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in children: a 2-year prospective surveillance study in the Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis 39:450–456PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Huebner RE, Schein MF, Bass JB Jr (1993) The tuberculin skin test. Clin Infect Dis 17:968–975PubMed Huebner RE, Schein MF, Bass JB Jr (1993) The tuberculin skin test. Clin Infect Dis 17:968–975PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Idriss ZH, Sinno AA, Kronfol NM (1976) Tuberculous meningitis in childhood. Forty-three cases. Am J Dis Child 130:364–367 Idriss ZH, Sinno AA, Kronfol NM (1976) Tuberculous meningitis in childhood. Forty-three cases. Am J Dis Child 130:364–367
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Infuso A, Falzon D; on behalf of the EuroTB network (2006) European survey of BCG vaccination policies and surveillance in children. Euro Surveill 11:6–11PubMed Infuso A, Falzon D; on behalf of the EuroTB network (2006) European survey of BCG vaccination policies and surveillance in children. Euro Surveill 11:6–11PubMed
37.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacobsen M, Detjen A, Mueller H, Gutschmidt A, Leitner S, Wahn U, Magdorf K, Kaufmann SH (2007) Clonal expansion of CD8 + effector T cells in childhood tuberculosis. J Immunol 179:1331–1339PubMed Jacobsen M, Detjen A, Mueller H, Gutschmidt A, Leitner S, Wahn U, Magdorf K, Kaufmann SH (2007) Clonal expansion of CD8 + effector T cells in childhood tuberculosis. J Immunol 179:1331–1339PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracis Society (1998) Chemotherapy and management of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. Thorax 53:536–548CrossRef Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracis Society (1998) Chemotherapy and management of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. Thorax 53:536–548CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Kauschke K, Magdorf K, Wahn U (1998) Mykobakteriell bedingte Lymphadenitis bei Kindern in Berlin 1981–1996. Monatsschr Kinderheilk Suppl 2:S159 Kauschke K, Magdorf K, Wahn U (1998) Mykobakteriell bedingte Lymphadenitis bei Kindern in Berlin 1981–1996. Monatsschr Kinderheilk Suppl 2:S159
41.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Lawn SD, Bangani N, Vogt M, Bekker LG, Badri M, Ntobongwana M, Dockrell HM, Wilkinson RJ, Wood R (2007) Utility of interferon-gamma ELISPOT assay responses in highly tuberculosis-exposed patients with advanced HIV infection in South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 7:99PubMedCrossRef Lawn SD, Bangani N, Vogt M, Bekker LG, Badri M, Ntobongwana M, Dockrell HM, Wilkinson RJ, Wood R (2007) Utility of interferon-gamma ELISPOT assay responses in highly tuberculosis-exposed patients with advanced HIV infection in South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 7:99PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Liebeschuetz S, Bamber S, Ewer K, Deeks J, Pathan AA, Lalvani A (2004) Diagnosis of tuberculosis in South African children with a T-cell-bases assay: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 365:97–98 Liebeschuetz S, Bamber S, Ewer K, Deeks J, Pathan AA, Lalvani A (2004) Diagnosis of tuberculosis in South African children with a T-cell-bases assay: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 365:97–98
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Lobato MN, Hopewell PC (2000) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection after travel to or contact with visitors from countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1871–1875 Lobato MN, Hopewell PC (2000) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection after travel to or contact with visitors from countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:1871–1875
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Loddenkemper R (2005) Aktuelle Information des DZK zur Tuberkulinversorgung Deutschlands. Pneumologie 59:236–237PubMedCrossRef Loddenkemper R (2005) Aktuelle Information des DZK zur Tuberkulinversorgung Deutschlands. Pneumologie 59:236–237PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Magdorf K (2006) Tuberkulose im Kindesalter—Pathogenese, Prävention, Klinik und Therapie. Monatsschr Kinderheilk 154:124–132CrossRef Magdorf K (2006) Tuberkulose im Kindesalter—Pathogenese, Prävention, Klinik und Therapie. Monatsschr Kinderheilk 154:124–132CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Magdorf K (2003) Tuberkulose und nicht-tuberkulöse mykobakterielle Krankheiten. In: Handbuch, Infektionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, 4th edn. Futuramed, Munich, pp 699–719 Magdorf K (2003) Tuberkulose und nicht-tuberkulöse mykobakterielle Krankheiten. In: Handbuch, Infektionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, 4th edn. Futuramed, Munich, pp 699–719
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Magdorf K, Ertel M, Wahn U (1997) Tuberkulose im Kindesalter 2. Tuberkuloseformen, Symptomatik und Therapie. Pädiatr Prax 52:299–309 Magdorf K, Ertel M, Wahn U (1997) Tuberkulose im Kindesalter 2. Tuberkuloseformen, Symptomatik und Therapie. Pädiatr Prax 52:299–309
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Mandalakas AM, Starke JR (2005) Current concepts of childhood tuberculosis. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 6:93–104CrossRef Mandalakas AM, Starke JR (2005) Current concepts of childhood tuberculosis. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 6:93–104CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Starke JR, Hesseling AC, Donald PR, Beyers N (2004) A proposed radiological classification of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis. Pediatr Radiol 34:886–894PubMedCrossRef Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Starke JR, Hesseling AC, Donald PR, Beyers N (2004) A proposed radiological classification of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis. Pediatr Radiol 34:886–894PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Marais BJ, Gie RP, Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS, Lombard C, Enarson DA, Beyers N (2006) A refined symptom-based approach to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Pediatrics 118:1350–1359CrossRef Marais BJ, Gie RP, Hesseling AC, Schaaf HS, Lombard C, Enarson DA, Beyers N (2006) A refined symptom-based approach to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Pediatrics 118:1350–1359CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Hesseling AC, Enarson DA, Beyers N (2006) The spectrum of disease in children treated for tuberculosis in a highly endemic area. Int J Tuberc lung Dis 10:732–738PubMed Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Hesseling AC, Enarson DA, Beyers N (2006) The spectrum of disease in children treated for tuberculosis in a highly endemic area. Int J Tuberc lung Dis 10:732–738PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin C (2005) The dream of a vaccine against tuberculosis; New vaccines improving or replacing BCG? Eur Respir J 26:162–167PubMedCrossRef Martin C (2005) The dream of a vaccine against tuberculosis; New vaccines improving or replacing BCG? Eur Respir J 26:162–167PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Matulis G, Jüni P, Villiger PM, Gadola SD (2007) Detection of latent tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune diseases performance of a mycobacteroim tuberculosis antigen specific IFN-gamma assay. Ann Rheum Dis 67:84–90PubMedCrossRef Matulis G, Jüni P, Villiger PM, Gadola SD (2007) Detection of latent tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune diseases performance of a mycobacteroim tuberculosis antigen specific IFN-gamma assay. Ann Rheum Dis 67:84–90PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Menzies D, Pai M, Comstock G (2007) Meta-analysis: new tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research. Ann Intern Med 146:350–354 Menzies D, Pai M, Comstock G (2007) Meta-analysis: new tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research. Ann Intern Med 146:350–354
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakaoka H, Lawson L, Squire SB, Coulter B, Ravn P, Brock I, Hart CA, Cuevas LE (2006) Risk for tuberculosis among children. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1383–1388PubMed Nakaoka H, Lawson L, Squire SB, Coulter B, Ravn P, Brock I, Hart CA, Cuevas LE (2006) Risk for tuberculosis among children. Emerg Infect Dis 12:1383–1388PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2006) Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control. http://www.nice.org.uk. Accessed 10 April 2008 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2006) Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control. http://​www.​nice.​org.​uk. Accessed 10 April 2008
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Neutra MR, Mantis NJ, Kraehenbuhl JP (2001) Collaboration of epithelial cells with organized mucosal lymphoid tissues. Nat Immunol 2:1004–1009PubMedCrossRef Neutra MR, Mantis NJ, Kraehenbuhl JP (2001) Collaboration of epithelial cells with organized mucosal lymphoid tissues. Nat Immunol 2:1004–1009PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Brien RJ, Spigelman M (2005) New drugs for tuberculosis: current status and future prospects. Clin Chest Med 26:327–340PubMedCrossRef O’Brien RJ, Spigelman M (2005) New drugs for tuberculosis: current status and future prospects. Clin Chest Med 26:327–340PubMedCrossRef
61.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Ozuah PO, Ozuah TP, Stein REK, Burton W, Mulvihill M (2001) Evaluation of a risk assessment questionnaire used to target tuberculin skin testing in children. JAMA 285:451–453PubMedCrossRef Ozuah PO, Ozuah TP, Stein REK, Burton W, Mulvihill M (2001) Evaluation of a risk assessment questionnaire used to target tuberculin skin testing in children. JAMA 285:451–453PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Pai M, Kalantri S, Dheda K (2006) New tools and emerging technologies for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: part I. Latent tuberculosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 6:413–422PubMedCrossRef Pai M, Kalantri S, Dheda K (2006) New tools and emerging technologies for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: part I. Latent tuberculosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 6:413–422PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Pai M, Joshi R, Bandyopadhyay M, Narang P, Dogra S, Taksande B, Kalantri S (2007) Sensitivity of a whole-blood interferon-gamma assay among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and variations in T-cell responses during anti-tuberculosis treatment. Infection 35:98–103PubMedCrossRef Pai M, Joshi R, Bandyopadhyay M, Narang P, Dogra S, Taksande B, Kalantri S (2007) Sensitivity of a whole-blood interferon-gamma assay among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and variations in T-cell responses during anti-tuberculosis treatment. Infection 35:98–103PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Piana F, Ruffo Codecasa L, Baldan R, Miotto P, Ferrarese M, Cirillio DM (2007) Use of T-SPOT.TB in latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis in general and immunosuppressed populations. New Microbiol 30:286–290PubMed Piana F, Ruffo Codecasa L, Baldan R, Miotto P, Ferrarese M, Cirillio DM (2007) Use of T-SPOT.TB in latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis in general and immunosuppressed populations. New Microbiol 30:286–290PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Ridzon R, Meador J, Maxwell R, Higgins K, Weismuller P, Onorato IM (1997) Asymptomatic hepatitis in persons who received alternative preventive therapy with pyrazinamide and ofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 24:1264–1265PubMed Ridzon R, Meador J, Maxwell R, Higgins K, Weismuller P, Onorato IM (1997) Asymptomatic hepatitis in persons who received alternative preventive therapy with pyrazinamide and ofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 24:1264–1265PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Robert Koch-Institut (2005) Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch für 2004. Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, pp 162–165 Robert Koch-Institut (2005) Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch für 2004. Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, pp 162–165
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Romanus V, Hallander H, Wahlen P, Olinder-Nielsen A, Magnusson P, Juhlin I (1995) Atypical mycobacteria in extrapulmonary disease among children. Incidence in Sweden from 1969 to 1990, related to changing BCG-vaccination. Tuber Lung Dis 76:300–310PubMedCrossRef Romanus V, Hallander H, Wahlen P, Olinder-Nielsen A, Magnusson P, Juhlin I (1995) Atypical mycobacteria in extrapulmonary disease among children. Incidence in Sweden from 1969 to 1990, related to changing BCG-vaccination. Tuber Lung Dis 76:300–310PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Sacchettini JC, Rubin EJ, Freundlich JS (2008) Drugs versus bugs: in pursuit of the persistent predator Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:41–52PubMedCrossRef Sacchettini JC, Rubin EJ, Freundlich JS (2008) Drugs versus bugs: in pursuit of the persistent predator Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:41–52PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Schoeman JF, Van Zyl LE, Laubscher JA, Donald PR (1997) Effect of corticosteroids on intracranial pressure, computed tomographic findings, and clinical outcome in young children with tuberculous meningitis. Pediatrics 99:226–231PubMedCrossRef Schoeman JF, Van Zyl LE, Laubscher JA, Donald PR (1997) Effect of corticosteroids on intracranial pressure, computed tomographic findings, and clinical outcome in young children with tuberculous meningitis. Pediatrics 99:226–231PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma SK, Mohan A, Sharma A, Mitra DK (2005) Miliary tuberculosis: new insights into an old disease. Lancet Infect Dis 5:415–430PubMedCrossRef Sharma SK, Mohan A, Sharma A, Mitra DK (2005) Miliary tuberculosis: new insights into an old disease. Lancet Infect Dis 5:415–430PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Skevaki CL, Kafetzis DA (2005) Tuberculosis in neonates and infants: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management issues. Paediatr Drugs 7:219–234PubMedCrossRef Skevaki CL, Kafetzis DA (2005) Tuberculosis in neonates and infants: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management issues. Paediatr Drugs 7:219–234PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Spyridis NP, Spyridis PG, Gelesme A, Sypsa V, Valianatou M, Metsou F, Gourgiotis D, Tsolia MN (2007) The effectiveness of a 9-month regimen of isoniazid alone versus 3- and 4-month regimens of isoniazid plus rifampin for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children: results of an 11-year randomized study. Clin Infect Dis 45:715–722PubMedCrossRef Spyridis NP, Spyridis PG, Gelesme A, Sypsa V, Valianatou M, Metsou F, Gourgiotis D, Tsolia MN (2007) The effectiveness of a 9-month regimen of isoniazid alone versus 3- and 4-month regimens of isoniazid plus rifampin for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children: results of an 11-year randomized study. Clin Infect Dis 45:715–722PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Starke JR (2006) Interferon-gamma release assays for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25:941–942PubMedCrossRef Starke JR (2006) Interferon-gamma release assays for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25:941–942PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Steingart KR, Henry M, Laal S, Hopewell PC, Ramsay A, Menzies D, Cunningham J, Weldingh K, Pai M (2007) Commercial serological antibody detection tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. PLoS Med 4:e202PubMedCrossRef Steingart KR, Henry M, Laal S, Hopewell PC, Ramsay A, Menzies D, Cunningham J, Weldingh K, Pai M (2007) Commercial serological antibody detection tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review. PLoS Med 4:e202PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Swaminathan S, Raghavan A, Duraipandian M, Kripasankar AS, Ramachandran P (2005) Short-course chemotherapy for paediatric respiratory tuberculosis: 5-year report. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9:693–696PubMed Swaminathan S, Raghavan A, Duraipandian M, Kripasankar AS, Ramachandran P (2005) Short-course chemotherapy for paediatric respiratory tuberculosis: 5-year report. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9:693–696PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Thee S, Detjen A, Quarcoo D, Wahn U, Magdorf K (2007) Ethambutol in paediatric tuberculosis: aspects of ethambutol serum concentration, efficacy and toxicity in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11:965–971PubMed Thee S, Detjen A, Quarcoo D, Wahn U, Magdorf K (2007) Ethambutol in paediatric tuberculosis: aspects of ethambutol serum concentration, efficacy and toxicity in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11:965–971PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Thuong NT, Hawn TR, Thwaites GE, Chau TT, Lan NT, Quy HT, Hieu NT, Aderem A, Hien TT, Farrar JJ, Dunstan SJ (2007) A polimorphism in human TLR2 is associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculous meningitis. Genes Immun 8:422–428PubMedCrossRef Thuong NT, Hawn TR, Thwaites GE, Chau TT, Lan NT, Quy HT, Hieu NT, Aderem A, Hien TT, Farrar JJ, Dunstan SJ (2007) A polimorphism in human TLR2 is associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculous meningitis. Genes Immun 8:422–428PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Thwaites GE, Macmullen-Price J, Tran TH, Pham PM, Nguyen TD, Simmons CP, White NJ, Tran TH, Summers D, Farrar JJ (2007) Serial MRI to determine the effect of dexamethasone on the cerebral pathology of tuberculous meningitis: an observational study. Lancet Neurol 6:230–236PubMedCrossRef Thwaites GE, Macmullen-Price J, Tran TH, Pham PM, Nguyen TD, Simmons CP, White NJ, Tran TH, Summers D, Farrar JJ (2007) Serial MRI to determine the effect of dexamethasone on the cerebral pathology of tuberculous meningitis: an observational study. Lancet Neurol 6:230–236PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsiouris SJ, Austin J, Toro P, Coetzee D, Weyer K, Stein Z, El-Sadr WM (2006) Results of a tuberculosis-specific IFN-gamma assay in children at high risk for tuberculosis infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10:939–941PubMed Tsiouris SJ, Austin J, Toro P, Coetzee D, Weyer K, Stein Z, El-Sadr WM (2006) Results of a tuberculosis-specific IFN-gamma assay in children at high risk for tuberculosis infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10:939–941PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Ulrichs T, Kaufmann SHE (2003) Immunology and persistence. Issues Infect Dis 2:112–127CrossRef Ulrichs T, Kaufmann SHE (2003) Immunology and persistence. Issues Infect Dis 2:112–127CrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Verver S, van Loenhout-Rooyackers JH, Bwire R, Annee-van Bavel JA, de Lange HJ, van Gerven PJ, Borgdorff MW (2005) Tuberculosis infection in children who are contacts of immigrant tuberculosis patients. Eur Respir J 26:126–132PubMedCrossRef Verver S, van Loenhout-Rooyackers JH, Bwire R, Annee-van Bavel JA, de Lange HJ, van Gerven PJ, Borgdorff MW (2005) Tuberculosis infection in children who are contacts of immigrant tuberculosis patients. Eur Respir J 26:126–132PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat World Health Organisation (2006) Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. WHO/HTM/ TB/2006.371. WHO, Geneva World Health Organisation (2006) Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. WHO/HTM/ TB/2006.371. WHO, Geneva
84.
Zurück zum Zitat World Health Organisation (2006) Ethambutol efficacy and toxicity. Literature review and recommendations for daily and intermittent dosage in children. WHO/HTM/TB/2006.365; WHO/FCH/CAH/2006.3. WHO, Geneva World Health Organisation (2006) Ethambutol efficacy and toxicity. Literature review and recommendations for daily and intermittent dosage in children. WHO/HTM/TB/2006.365; WHO/FCH/CAH/2006.3. WHO, Geneva
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiese-Posselt M, Siedler A, Rademacher A, Haas W (2004) ESPID-study-group 2 incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in children aged <15 years, Germany 2002–2004. ESPID annual meeting, Tampere, Finland, May 2004 Wiese-Posselt M, Siedler A, Rademacher A, Haas W (2004) ESPID-study-group 2 incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in children aged <15 years, Germany 2002–2004. ESPID annual meeting, Tampere, Finland, May 2004
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Zar HJ, Hanslo D, Apolles P (2005) Induced sputum versus gastric lavage for microbiological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants and young children: a prospective study. Lancet 365:130–134PubMedCrossRef Zar HJ, Hanslo D, Apolles P (2005) Induced sputum versus gastric lavage for microbiological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants and young children: a prospective study. Lancet 365:130–134PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Proposed management of childhood tuberculosis in low-incidence countries
verfasst von
Klaus Magdorf
Anne K. Detjen
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2008
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
European Journal of Pediatrics / Ausgabe 8/2008
Print ISSN: 0340-6199
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1076
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-008-0730-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2008

European Journal of Pediatrics 8/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Neuer Typ-1-Diabetes bei Kindern am Wochenende eher übersehen

23.04.2024 Typ-1-Diabetes Nachrichten

Wenn Kinder an Werktagen zum Arzt gehen, werden neu auftretender Typ-1-Diabetes und diabetische Ketoazidosen häufiger erkannt als bei Arztbesuchen an Wochenenden oder Feiertagen.

Neue Studienergebnisse zur Myopiekontrolle mit Atropin

22.04.2024 Fehlsichtigkeit Nachrichten

Augentropfen mit niedrig dosiertem Atropin können helfen, das Fortschreiten einer Kurzsichtigkeit bei Kindern zumindest zu verlangsamen, wie die Ergebnisse einer aktuellen Studie mit verschiedenen Dosierungen zeigen.

Spinale Muskelatrophie: Neugeborenen-Screening lohnt sich

18.04.2024 Spinale Muskelatrophien Nachrichten

Seit 2021 ist die Untersuchung auf spinale Muskelatrophie Teil des Neugeborenen-Screenings in Deutschland. Eine Studie liefert weitere Evidenz für den Nutzen der Maßnahme.

Fünf Dinge, die im Kindernotfall besser zu unterlassen sind

18.04.2024 Pädiatrische Notfallmedizin Nachrichten

Im Choosing-Wisely-Programm, das für die deutsche Initiative „Klug entscheiden“ Pate gestanden hat, sind erstmals Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit Notfällen von Kindern erschienen. Fünf Dinge gilt es demnach zu vermeiden.

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.