Background
Methods
Study identification
Study selection
Study assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Methodological assessment
Study | Year | Origin | Diagnostic criteria | Methods | Number of diagnoses | n Suicide | With a Dx (%) | n Control | with a Dx (%) | Matched |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Appleby et al.[151]* | 1999 | England | ICD-10 | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 84 | 76 (90%) | 64 | 17 (27%) | Living ± 5 year and sex |
Apter et al.[145]* | 1993 | Israel | DSM-III | Official records and interviews | Principal | 43 | 35 (81%) | |||
Asgard U.[147]* | 1990 | Sweden | RDC | Official records and interviews | Principal | 104 | 99 (95%) | |||
Cavanagh et al.[14] | 1999 | Scotland | DSM-III | Official records and interviews | Principal | 45 | 44 (98%) | |||
Cheng et al.[16]* | 1995 | Taiwan | DSM-III-R | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 116 | 114 (98%) | 226 | 130 (58%) | Living ± 5 years, sex, area of residence |
Conwell et al.[156]* | 1996 | USA | DSM-III-R | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 141 | 127 (90%) | |||
Foster et al.[142,144] | 1997/1999 | Ireland | DSM-III-R | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 118 | 106 (90%) | 117 | 30 (26%) | List of deceased's GP Age, gender, marital status |
Harwood et al.[17]* | 2001 | England | ICD-10 | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 100 | 93 (93%) | 54 | N/A | Natural deaths Age and sex |
Hawton et al.[10] | 2002 | England | ICD-10 | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 42 | 38 (90%) | 84 | 6 (7%) | Living nurses ± 10 years, specialty and seniority |
Henriksson et al.[11] | 1993 | Finland | DSM-III-R | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 229 | 225 (98%) | |||
Houston et al.[12] | 2001 | England | ICD-10 | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 47 | 40 (85%) | |||
Lesage et al.[150] | 1994 | Canada | DSM-III-R | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 75 | 69 (92%) | 75 | N/A | Living Neighbourhood, age, marital status and occupation |
Phillips et al.[9]* | 2002 | China | DSM-IV | Interviews with informants | Principal | 519 | 325 (63%) | 536 | 93 (17%) | Accidental deaths Geographical areas |
Rich et al.[143] | 1986 | USA | DSM-III | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 283 | 258 (91%) | |||
Runeson B.[153] | 1989 | Sweden | DSM-III-R | Official records and interviews | Principal | 58 | 57 (98%) | |||
Shaffer et al.[18]* | 1996 | USA | DSM-III | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 119 | 108 (91%) | |||
Shaffi et al.[13]* | 1988 | USA | DSM-III | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 21 | 20 (95%) | 21 | 11 (52%) | Living friends Sex, age, race, education, religion, income, and father's education |
Vijayakumar et al.[159]* | 1999 | India | DSM-III-R | Official records and interviews | Principal | 100 | 88 (88%) | 100 | 14 (14%) | Living SES, sex and ± 2 years |
Waern et al.[154]* | 2002 | Sweden | DSM-IV | Official records and interviews | Multiple | 85 | 82 (96%) | 153 | 28 (18%) | Living Sex, ± 2 years |
Boardman et al.[152] | 1999 | England | ICD-10 | Multiple official records | Multiple | 212 | 151 (71%) | 212 | 40 (19%) | Unnatural deaths ± 5 years and sex |
Cantor et al.[157] | 1989 | Australia | DSM-III-R | Multiple official records | Principal | 47 | 41 (87%) | |||
Groholt et al.[149]* | 1997 | Norway | DSM-III-R | Multiple official records | Multiple | 121 | 90 (74%) | |||
Thacore et al.[158] | 2000 | Australia | ICD-9 | Multiple official records | Principal | 75 | 46 (65%) | |||
Graham et al.[15] | 1992 | Australia | DSM-III | Multiple official records | Multiple | 136 | 120 (88%) | |||
Brent et al.[148] | 1999 | USA | DSM-III | Interviews with informants | Multiple | 140 | 115 (82%) | 131 | 32 (24%) | Living Age, race, gender, country and SES |
Cerel et al.[155] | 2000 | USA | RDC | Interviews with informants | Multiple | 15 | 13 (87%) | 201 | 70 (35%) | Non-suicide bereaved family |
Arato et al.[146]* | 1987 | Hungary | RDC | Interviews with informants | Principal | 200 | 162 (81%) |
Demographic features
Diagnostic distribution
Disorders | n for females | n for males | OR (95% CI) | χ2
| p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any psychiatric disorders | 398 | 801 | 0.98 (0.70–1.36) | 0.02 | 0.881 |
Schizophrenia | 17 | 44 | 1.30 (0.71–2.39) | 0.79 | 0.373 |
Other psychotic disorders or psychosis NOS | 15 | 40 | 1.33 (0.71–2.56) | 0.88 | 0.347 |
Somatoform, anxiety and neurotic disorders | 33 | 83 | 1.27 (0.85–1.97) | 1.24 | 0.265 |
Bipolar disorders | 26 | 43 | 0.81 (0.48–1.38) | 0.68 | 0.409 |
Organic disorders | 6 | 15 | 1.24 (0.45–3.60) | 0.20 | 0.656 |
Adjustment disorders | 31 | 64 | 1.02 (0.64–1.64) | 0.01 | 0.917 |
Disorders more likely if male
| |||||
Alcohol problems | 73 | 272 | 2.19 (1.63–2.95) | 29.57 | 0.000 |
Other substances problems | 32 | 122 | 2.02 (1.32–3.10) | 11.89 | 0.001 |
Any substances problems | 110 | 436 | 3.58 (2.78–4.61) | 110.18 | 0.000 |
Personality disorders | 41 | 153 | 2.01 (1.38–2.95) | 14.60 | 0.000 |
Childhood disorders | 13 | 117 | 4.95 (2.69–9.31) | 34.57 | 0.000 |
Disorders more likely if female
| |||||
Depressive disorders | 199 | 268 | 0.53 (0.42–0.68) | 28.56 | 0.000 |
Any affective disorders | 272 | 454 | 0.66 (0.53–0.83) | 12.91 | 0.000 |
Other disorders | 16 | 12 | 0.36 (0.16–0.82) | 7.44 | 0.006 |
Age (mean ± SD) | n [Studies] | |
---|---|---|
All regions | ||
♂ | 28.5 ± 12.8 | 880 [11,18,143,145,148-150,158] |
♀ | 34.5 ± 17.8 | 333 [11,18,143,147-149,158] |
Both sexes* | 41.6 ± 17.8 | 794 [11,14,17,149,151,154,157,158] |
American Studies | ||
♂ | 26.0 ± 12.3 | 491 [18,143,148,150] |
♀ | 27.3 ± 18.9 | 127 [18,143,148] |
Both sexes* | N/A | N/A |
European Studies | ||
♂ | 27.2 ± 15.4 | 314 [11,145,149] |
♀ | 37.9 ± 18.9 | 191 [11,147,149] |
Both sexes* | 42.3 ± 20.8 | 672 [11,14,15,17,151,154] |
Australian Studies | ||
♂ | 42.5 | 491 [158] |
♀ | 45.7 | 15 [158] |
Both sexes* | 39.5 ± 5.2 | 122 [157,158] |
Asian Studies | ||
♂ | N/A | N/A |
♀ | N/A | N/A |
Both sexes* | N/A | N/A |
European (%) | North American (%) | Australian (%) | Asian (%) | χ2
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affective disorders | 753 (48.5) | 390 (33.6) | 71 (32.7) | 335 (51.3) | 11.3* |
Substances-related disorders | 390 (18.6) | 573 (40.1) | 106 (24.1) | 135 (26.7) | 12.1* |
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders or psychosis NOS | 125 (7.5) | 42 (4.2) | 29 (24.3) | 53 (8.4) | 24.1* |
Personality disorders | 197 (16.8) | 75 (13.4) | 75 (17.7) | 20 (17.7) | 1.2n.s.
|
At least one Diagnosis | 1298 (88.8) | 710 (89.7) | 207 (78.9) | 527 (83.0) | 6.4n.s.
|