Introduction
Temperature has immunomodulatory effects on innate immune cells: incubating monocytes at low temperatures for example increases pro-inflammatory responses after LPS-stimulation. The mechanisms mediating this effect are still unclear. The activity of several ion channels is sensitive to changes in temperature, leading to cytosolic calcium influx. Calcium is universally involved in cellular processes, its effects depending on the cellular context. Although not much is known about the role of calcium in immune cells, it has been shown that calcium is necessary for inflammasome assembly. Conventional methods of measuring calcium are not ideal to study the relation between temperature and intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i).
Objectives
In this study, we aimed to optimize a fluorescence-based assay to measure [Ca2+]i in innate immune cells using a qPCR-machine in a 96-well format.
Anzeige
Methods
[Ca2+]i can be measured by loading cells with the indicator Fluo-4AM. However, its affinity (Kd) is highly dependent on temperature. This is not established in detail because the indicator is mostly used in temperature independent assays. Here, we determined KdFluo-4 for temperatures in a range of 5-55oC, enabling calculation of exact intracellular calcium concentrations. We applied the assay in different cell lines and primary human innate immune cell populations.
Results
Exposing cells to decreasing temperature induces elevated intracellular calcium concentrations. Subsequently rising temperature restores [Ca2+]i to basal levels. This [Ca2+]i increase can be blocked by the aspecific ion channel antagonist Ruthenium Red.
Conclusion
We show that the intracellular calcium concentration in immune cells increases significantly upon decreasing temperature. Blockade by Ruthenium Red indicates that this effect is mediated by thermosensitive ion channels. We successfully optimized a 96-well format fluorescense-based assay using a qPCR machine, enabling [Ca2+]i measurements in innate immune cell populations under tight temperature control.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
None declared