Introduction
Anatomical landmarks
Non-neoplastic
Blood
Traumatic | Blunt trauma |
Penetrating injury | |
Iatrogenic | Renal biopsy |
Surgery: nephron-sparing/partial nephrectomy | |
Nephrostomy insertion | |
Ablation | |
Lithotripsy | |
Spontaneous | Bleeding diathesis (hepatic failure, haemophilia, systemic lupus erythematosus, thrombocytopaenia) medication-related |
Vascular disease (ANCA vasculitis, Behçet’s disease, arterial venous malformation) | |
Renal tumours (angiomyolipoma, renal cell cancer, renal metastases) | |
Renal infarction (emphysematous pyelonephritis, abscess) | |
Adrenal haemorrhage (sepsis, burns, complicated pregnancy) | |
Renal cysts |
Urine
Lymph
Pseudocyst
Perinephric abscess
Thickened bridging septa
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Neoplastic
Lymphoma
Liposarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Angiomyolipoma
Neoplastic
Solitary fibrous tumour
Desmoid tumour
Phaeochromocytoma
Neurofibroma
Renal cell carcinoma
Subtype | Incidence | Origin | Patient age | Signal density | Biological behaviour | Post-contrast | Associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clear cell | 75% | Proximal nephron, tubular epithelium | >50 years | Heterogeneous density/signal | Aggressive | Hypervascular | Von Hippel-Lindau (25–45%), tuberous sclerosis (2%) |
Papillary | 10% | Distal nephron, tubular epithelium |
>50 years | Low T2 signal, hypodense | Aggressive | Hypovascular | Hereditary papillary RCC |
Chromophobe | 5% | Distal nephron | >50 years | Hypodense, intermediate signal density | Low mortality (10%) | Hypovascular | Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome |
Collecting duct carcinoma | ∼1% | Medullary collecting duct | >50 years | Heterogeneous density, low T2 signal | Highly aggressive | Hypovascular | |
Medullary | ∼1% | Distal nephron | 20–40 years | Heterogeneous, infiltrative, low T2 signal | Extremely aggressive | Hypovascular | Sickle cell disease |