Hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus, particularly type 1 can mimic acute ischemic stroke by causing focal neurological deficits. In acute ischemic stroke, the interpretation of emergency imaging including computed tomography with angiography and perfusion is crucial to guide revascularizing therapy including intravenous thrombolysis. However, different metabolic abnormalities and stroke mimics can cause focal hypoperfusion.
Methods
We describe two type 1 diabetes patients presenting with acute focal neurological deficits and hypoglycemia, who underwent multimodal computed tomography and follow-up imaging.
Case presentation
Patient 1, a 20-year-old man presented with aphasia and interstitial glucose level of 54 mg/dl. Patient 2, a 77-year-old man presented with aphasia, mild right-sided brachiofacial paresis and interstitial glucose level of 83 mg/dl. On brain imaging, no acute infarct signs were noted. Yet, both had focal left hemispheric cerebral hypoperfusion without large-vessel occlusion or stenosis. Due to persistent symptoms after normalization of blood glucose and despite a perfusion imaging pattern that was interpretated as non-typical for ischemia, both patients underwent thrombolysis without any complications.
Conclusion
Computed tomography perfusion might help to discriminate hypoglycemia with focal neurological signs from acute stroke, but further evidence is needed.
Hinweise
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Abkürzungen
ADC
Apparent diffusion coefficient
AIS
Acute ischemic stroke
BGL
Blood glucose level
CBF
Cerebral blood flow
CT
Computed tomography
CTA
Computed tomography angiography
CTP
Computed tomography perfusion
DWI
Diffusion weighted images
HFNS
Hypoglycemia with focal neurological signs
IGL
Interstitial glucose level
IVT
Intravenous thrombolysis
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
T1DM
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
ncCT
Non-contrast CT
SM
Stroke mimic
Tmax
Time-to-maximum
TTP
Time-to-peak
Hypoglycemia is feared in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and can manifest with focal neurological signs (HFNS) [1] as stroke mimic (SM). In acute ischemic stroke (AIS), interpretation of emergency multimodal computed tomography (CT) is crucial to provide intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). Especially CT perfusion (CTP) could help to differentiate AIS from HFNS [2].
Focal transient lesions in cerebral diffusion weighted (DWI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been described in HFNS [1]. Focal hypoperfusion in CTP in conjunction with HFNS has been previously reported once [3].
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We describe two patients with T1DM and initial hypoglycemia receiving IVT due to persistent neurological deficits despite normalization of blood glucose levels (BGL). Multimodal CT on admission and follow-up non-contrast CT (ncCT) were performed in both, and 1.5 Tesla MRI in patient 1. CTP was performed as part of standard clinical practice protocol. In CTP, salvageable tissue was calculated based on mismatch ratio as follows: hypoperfusion area with Tmax > 6 s (tissue at risk) minus ischemic core with cerebral blood flow (CBF) < 30% [4]. Volume of hypoperfusion was measured manually based on CBF for both patients and time-to-peak (TTP) in patient 2 (or time-to-drain as most relevant in patient 1) and calculated with ABC/2-formula [5].
Case 1
A 20-year-old man with T1DM woke up with headache and dizziness, measured interstitial glucose level (IGL) of 54 mg/dl, and took glucose orally. Two hours later he woke up with aphasia. With BGL of 81 mg/dl, emergency medical physicians administered intravenous glucose. Examination on admission (BGL of 129 mg/dl) revealed moderate fluent aphasia. CTP showed focal hypoperfusion left parieto-temporally (Tmax 2.6 s on TTP) (Fig. 1) [4, 5] without large-vessel occlusion or stenosis in CT angiography (CTA). Due to persisting symptoms > 60 min after normalized BGL, patient received IVT 110 min after onset. The next day, he was asymptomatic. MRI after 53 h revealed punctual and transient cortical DWI lesion without apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) reduction left parietally.
Fig. 1
NcCT, CTA, and CTP of patient 1. Exemplary cuts of first ncCT (A), CTA (B), and CTP (C–D) 87 min after onset of aphasia. CTA without relevant stenosis of extra- or intracranial vessels (B). Follow-up ncCT 31 h after onset (not shown) did not show infarct demarcation compared to first ncCT (A). Hypoperfusion parieto-temporal on TTD (C) and smaller reduced perfusion on CBF (D) marked with circle. Only mild delay (2 s) was detected in corresponding TTP. CBF, cerebral blood flow; CT, computed tomography; CTA, CT angiography; CTP, CT perfusion; ncCT, non-contrast CT; TTD, time-to-drain; and TTP, time-to-peak
×
Case 2
A 77-year-old man with T1DM was found with acute aphasia. Attributing his symptoms to hypoglycemia, he took glucose orally (IGL of 83 mg/dl). Several comorbidities, including coronary heart disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy, and implanted non-MRI-conditional pacemaker were known. Upon admission, examination revealed non-fluent aphasia and mild right-sided brachiofacial paresis. Admission BGL was 83 mg/dl 50 min after onset. NcCT showed chronic right cerebellar ischemic defect. CTP showed hypoperfusion left frontal and parieto-temporo-occipitally (Tmax 2.6 s on TTP) [4, 5] without large-vessel occlusion or stenosis in CTA (Fig. 2). With persisting symptoms > 30 min after normalized BGL and hypoperfusion on TTP, patient 2 received IVT 82 min after onset. Forty-three hours later, he was asymptomatic. NcCT after 24 h excluded demarcation.
Fig. 2
NcCT, CTA, and CTP of patient 2. Exemplary cuts of first ncCT (A), CTA (B), and CTP (C–F) 70 min after onset of symptoms. CTA without relevant stenosis but with elongation of extra- or intracranial vessels (B). Follow-up ncCT 24 h after onset (not shown) did not show infarct demarcation compared to first ncCT (A). Hypoperfusion in left frontal and left parieto-temporo-occipital areas on TTP with Tmax of > 6 s (D–F) and smaller reduced perfusion on CBF (C) marked with circle. CBF, cerebral blood flow; CT, computed tomography; CTA, CT Angiography; CTP, CT Perfusion; ncCT, non-contrast CT; Tmax, time-to-maximum; and TTP, time-to-peak
×
Discussion
SM pose diagnostic challenges and especially HFNS requires neurologic co-assessment. MRI is first choice modality in differentiating SM from AIS, but often not available 24/7. CT is often used as primary diagnostic modality and CTP is known for high diagnostic accuracy in predicting mismatch between infarct core and salvageable tissue in AIS [6]. CTP can facilitate the early differentiation of AIS from SM [2, 7, 8], including migraine [7] or seizures [8]. In diabetic patients, focal lesions on DWI MRI following HFNS have been previously detected [1].
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Neuroglycopenic symptoms usually manifest below a threshold of 70 mg/dl, which shifts to higher threshold in poorly controlled T1DM [9], also found in our patients based on HbA1c-findings (HbA1c 9.1% in patient 1, 9.6% in patient 2), possibly resulting in neuroglycopenic symptoms above 70 mg/dl.
In patient 1, we found a transient punctual DWI lesion without ischemia-typical ADC decrease, which topologically did not explain aphasia. Together with patient’s young age, AIS must be questioned discussing symptoms as HFNS/SM. In patient 2, symptoms persisted > 24 h, but without demarcation in ncCT. Considering patient's high vascular risk profile and chronic cerebellar infarct, AIS seems possible. We excluded status epilepticus as differential diagnosis in both cases due to EEG with focal left hemispheric slowing but without epileptic potentials [10], while the patients were still symptomatic.
Concerning diagnosis, time course of neurological manifestations with acute symptom onset, persisting deficits despite normalized BGL, and slow symptom recovery following IVT, support cerebrovascular origin. Yet, hypoperfusion could not be fully aligned with vascular territories and was finally considered as non-typical for AIS [4]. Thus, we cannot clearly differentiate between hypoperfusion due to hypoglycemia or AIS in our cases. Other important differential diagnoses should also be considered, including migraine [7] or status epilepticus [8, 10], and early EEG should be conducted in every patient.
Clinical awareness of regional hypoperfusion in T1DM patients with hypoglycemia is crucial. If neurologic deficits persist despite restoration of normoglycemia, emergency physicians should consider AIS and not postpone recanalization therapy if necessary. Further studies to clarify if CTP can help distinguishing HFNS from AIS are necessary.
Acknowledgements
We thank the participating patients for their consent for publication. Parts of this case report were presented on European Stroke Organization Conference 2021 (September 1–3, 2021) as an e-poster.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Both patients gave their written informed consent for participation. The approval by the ethics committee of the medical faculty of Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen was not required.
Consent for publication
Both patients gave their written informed consent for publication.
Competing interests
KF received funding for Lexi study from Boehringer-Ingelheim outside of the presented work. UZ has received grants from European Research Council, German Research Foundation, German Ministry of Education and Research, Biogen Idec GmbH, Servier, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals NV, all not related to this work; and consulting honoraria from Biogen Idec GmbH, Bayer Vital GmbH, Bristol-Myers Squibb GmbH, Pfizer, CorTec GmbH, Medtronic GmbH, all not related to this work. SP received speaker’s honoraria and consulting honoraria from Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb/ Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, and Werfen, reimbursement for congress traveling and accommodation from Bayer and Boehringer-Ingelheim, and research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer (significant), Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo (significant), and Helena Laboratories (all other contributions: modest). All competing interest are outside the present work. BB is co-founder and share-holder of AIRAmed and has received consultancy fees from Medtronic, all outside of the submitted work. TL is co-founder, CEO and share-holder of AIRAmed, he has received grants from the Alzheimer Forschung Initiative e.V., travel grants from Bayer and presentation fees from Roche, all outside of the submitted work. AM, AF, MS, ML and JSP have no competing interests to declare.
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Regional computed tomography perfusion deficits in patients with hypoglycemia: two case reports
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