Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Data collection and definition
Statistical methods
Results
General participant characteristics
Relationship between obesity-related indices and urate levels
Association between obesity-related indices and hyperuricaemia and gout
Discussion
Conclusion
Serum urate (mg/dL) | Q1(0.4–4.4 ) | Q2(4.4–5.3 ) | Q3(5.3–7.3 ) | Q4(7.3–18 ) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age(years) | 45.14(44.59,45.69) | 46.29 (45.65,46.94) | 48.36 (47.73,48.98) | 48.85 (48.30,49.40) | < 0.0001 |
Serum Cholesterol(mg/dl) | 191.49 (190.10,192.87) | 192.77 (191.21,194.33) | 194.06 (192.36,195.76) | 197.17 (195.70,198.64) | < 0.0001 |
Serum Glucose(mg/dl) | 97.37 (96.33,98.41) | 98.46 (97.35,99.57) | 99.52 (98.67,100.38) | 102.26 (101.33,103.18) | < 0.0001 |
Serum Triglycerides(mg/dl) | 120.94 (117.50,124.39) | 140.25 (136.06,144.44) | 160.88 (155.57,166.20) | 186.21 (181.80,190.63) | < 0.0001 |
BMI(kg/m2) | 26.41 (26.20,26.62) | 28.32 (28.08,28.55) | 29.69 (29.46,29.93) | 31.37 (31.12,31.62) | < 0.0001 |
WWI Index | 10.85 (10.82,10.89) | 10.94 (10.91,10.97) | 11.00 (10.97,11.03) | 11.11 (11.08,11.13) | < 0.0001 |
BRI Index | 4.64 (4.57,4.71) | 5.19 (5.11,5.28) | 5.58 (5.49,5.66) | 6.09 (6.00,6.19) | < 0.0001 |
Gender(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Male | 14.38 (13.20,15.64) | 37.70 (36.08,39.36) | 61.52 (60.28,62.75) | 77.02 (75.80,78.19) | |
Female | 85.62 (84.36,86.80) | 62.30 (60.64,63.92) | 38.48 (37.25,39.72) | 22.98 (21.81,24.20) | |
Race(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Mexican American | 9.91 (8.18,11.96) | 9.13 (7.63,10.88) | 8.40 (7.00,10.06) | 7.42 (6.07,9.05) | |
White | 72.06 (69.47,74.50) | 71.80 (69.03,74.42) | 73.58 (70.97,76.03) | 73.28 (70.76,75.66) | |
Black | 10.47 (9.09,12.03) | 10.59 (9.19,12.18) | 10.01 (8.62,11.61) | 11.39 (9.92,13.05) | |
Other Race | 7.57 (6.74,8.49) | 8.48 (7.38,9.72) | 8.01 (6.96,9.20) | 7.90 (6.97,8.96) | |
Education Level(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Less than high school | 15.14 (13.76,16.64) | 15.61 (14.12,17.23) | 15.83 (14.29,17.50) | 15.50 (14.26,16.83) | |
High school | 20.44 (18.92,22.06) | 21.90 (20.46,23.42) | 23.86 (22.43,25.36) | 24.94 (23.27,26.68) | |
More than high school | 64.41 (61.90,66.84) | 62.49 (60.17,64.76) | 60.31 (58.09,62.48) | 59.56 (57.41,61.67) | |
Marital Status(%) | 0.1501 | ||||
Cohabitation | 64.72 (62.92,66.47) | 62.66 (61.09,64.20) | 64.01 (62.30,65.68) | 64.55 (62.70,66.36) | |
Solitude | 35.28 (33.53,37.08) | 37.34 (35.80,38.91) | 35.99 (34.32,37.70) | 35.45 (33.64,37.30) | |
Kidney Stone (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
No | 91.73 (90.90,92.50) | 91.07 (90.01,92.02) | 89.34 (88.28,90.32) | 88.53 (87.59,89.42) | |
Yes | 8.27 (7.50,9.10) | 8.93 (7.98,9.99) | 10.66 (9.68,11.72) | 11.47 (10.58,12.41) | |
Alcohol(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Yes | 55.02 (52.87,57.15) | 58.95 (56.62,61.23) | 63.65 (61.71,65.55) | 65.99 (64.32,67.61) | |
No | 21.54 (20.01,23.16) | 20.05 (18.46,21.74) | 17.24 (15.89,18.69) | 15.83 (14.52,17.23) | |
Unclear | 23.44 (21.59,25.40) | 21.00 (19.10,23.05) | 19.11 (17.55,20.76) | 18.18 (17.00,19.43) | |
High Blood Pressure (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Yes | 21.32 (19.88,22.83) | 26.69 (25.23,28.20) | 32.63 (30.91,34.40) | 43.54 (41.73,45.38) | |
No | 78.68 (77.17,80.12) | 73.31 (71.80,74.77) | 67.37 (65.60,69.09) | 56.46 (54.62,58.27) | |
Diabetes(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Yes | 7.50 (6.78,8.30) | 8.94 (8.03,9.95) | 9.02 (8.14,9.99) | 11.92 (10.95,12.96) | |
No | 92.50 (91.70,93.22) | 91.06 (90.05,91.97) | 90.98 (90.01,91.86) | 88.08 (87.04,89.05) | |
Smoked(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Yes | 39.15 (37.19,41.15) | 42.52 (40.52,44.54) | 45.15 (43.46,46.86) | 49.33 (47.84,50.83) | |
No | 60.85 (58.85,62.81) | 57.48 (55.46,59.48) | 54.85 (53.14,56.54) | 50.67 (49.17,52.16) | |
Physical Activity(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Never | 27.95 (26.14,29.83) | 26.86 (25.38,28.40) | 24.84 (23.43,26.31) | 26.04 (24.57,27.56) | |
Moderate | 35.21 (33.38,37.09) | 30.41 (28.93,31.92) | 31.49 (30.05,32.97) | 30.69 (29.29,32.12) | |
Vigorous | 36.84 (35.08,38.64) | 42.73 (41.03,44.45) | 43.67 (42.15,45.20) | 43.28 (41.62,44.94) | |
Asthma(%) | 0.6941 | ||||
Yes | 85.10 (84.01,86.12) | 84.83 (83.65,85.95) | 85.28 (83.99,86.48) | 85.73 (84.56,86.83) | |
No | 14.90 (13.88,15.99) | 15.17 (14.05,16.35) | 14.72 (13.52,16.01) | 14.27 (13.17,15.44) | |
Coronary Artery Disease(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Yes | 2.10 (1.65,2.67) | 2.49 (1.99,3.12) | 3.88 (3.25,4.62) | 4.90 (4.21,5.69) | |
No | 97.90 (97.33,98.35) | 97.51 (96.88,98.01) | 96.12 (95.38,96.75) | 95.10 (94.31,95.79) | |
Cancers(%) | 0.0438 | ||||
Yes | 9.90 (9.02,10.87) | 8.91 (8.09,9.81) | 10.82 (9.75,12.00) | 10.13 (9.28,11.04) | |
No | 90.10 (89.13,90.98) | 91.09 (90.19,91.91) | 89.18 (88.00,90.25) | 89.87 (88.96,90.72) | |
Gout(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Yes | 1.88 (1.49,2.37) | 2.08 (1.65,2.61) | 3.15 (2.68,3.70) | 8.26 (7.42,9.19) | |
No | 98.10 (97.61,98.49) | 97.83 (97.28,98.28) | 96.82 (96.26,97.29) | 91.67 (90.73,92.52) | |
PIR(%) | 0.0285 | ||||
<1.3 | 21.06 (19.46,22.76) | 20.04 (18.53,21.64) | 19.89 (18.39,21.49) | 18.78 (17.52,20.10) | |
≥ 1.3<3.5 | 32.10 (30.57,33.67) | 33.48 (31.71,35.30) | 31.90 (30.03,33.83) | 33.58 (31.93,35.27) | |
≥ 3.5 | 38.75 (36.48,41.08) | 39.41 (37.01,41.87) | 41.35 (39.04,43.70) | 40.46 (38.25,42.71) | |
Unclear | 8.08 (7.12,9.16) | 7.08 (6.21,8.05) | 6.86 (5.99,7.84) | 7.18 (6.31,8.16) | |
Total Kcal(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Lower | 46.93 (45.16,48.71) | 41.67 (40.00,43.37) | 36.28 (34.64,37.94) | 32.69 (31.41,34.01) | |
Higher | 38.42 (36.72,40.15) | 43.61 (41.86,45.38) | 49.03 (47.21,50.85) | 52.51 (50.89,54.12) | |
Unclear | 14.65 (13.28,16.13) | 14.71 (13.44,16.09) | 14.70 (13.46,16.02) | 14.80 (13.72,15.94) | |
Total Sugar(%) | 0.0279 | ||||
Lower | 37.67 (36.14,39.22) | 36.23 (34.53,37.96) | 36.39 (34.96,37.85) | 35.79 (34.17,37.44) | |
Higher | 34.64 (33.18,36.12) | 37.86 (36.08,39.67) | 38.07 (36.48,39.67) | 38.07 (36.58,39.58) | |
Unclear | 27.69 (26.38,29.05) | 25.91 (24.19,27.71) | 25.54 (24.29,26.83) | 26.14 (24.68,27.65) | |
Total Water(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Lower | 45.69 (44.05,47.35) | 39.62 (37.98,41.28) | 36.36 (34.75,37.99) | 33.87 (32.42,35.35) | |
Higher | 39.66 (37.96,41.38) | 45.67 (44.05,47.30) | 48.95 (47.11,50.78) | 51.33 (49.74,52.93) | |
Unclear | 14.65 (13.28,16.13) | 14.71 (13.44,16.09) | 14.70 (13.46,16.02) | 14.80 (13.72,15.94) | |
Total Fat(%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Lower | 45.69 (44.05,47.35) | 39.62 (37.98,41.28) | 36.36 (34.75,37.99) | 33.87 (32.42,35.35) | |
Higher | 39.66 (37.96,41.38) | 45.67 (44.05,47.30) | 48.95 (47.11,50.78) | 51.33 (49.74,52.93) | |
Unclear | 14.65 (13.28,16.13) | 14.71 (13.44,16.09) | 14.70 (13.46,16.02) | 14.80 (13.72,15.94) |
Characteristic | Model 1 β(95%CI) | Model 2 β(95%CI) | Model 3 β(95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|
BMI | 0.05 (0.05, 0.06) | 0.06 (0.06, 0.06) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.06) |
Tertiles of BMI | |||
Lower(13.18–25.69) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Middle(25.70-30.88) | 0.54 (0.50, 0.58) | 0.45 (0.41, 0.48) | 0.39 (0.35, 0.42) |
Higher(30.89–84.87) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.96) | 0.84 (0.80, 0.88) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
WWI Index | 0.20 (0.18, 0.22) | 0.40 (0.38, 0.42) | 0.35 (0.33, 0.37) |
Tertiles of WWI | |||
Lower(8.11–10.70) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Middle(10.71–11.44) | 0.23 (0.19, 0.27) | 0.33 (0.30, 0.37) | 0.27 (0.24, 0.31) |
Higher(11.44–15.39) | 0.40 (0.36, 0.44) | 0.68 (0.64, 0.72) | 0.58 (0.54, 0.63) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
BRI Index | 0.14 (0.13, 0.14) | 0.18 (0.17, 0.18) | 0.17 (0.16, 0.17) |
Tertiles of BRI | |||
Lower(1.05–4.32) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Middle(4.32–6.14) | 0.46 (0.42, 0.50) | 0.45 (0.42, 0.49) | 0.39 (0.35, 0.42) |
Higher(6.14–23.48) | 0.77 (0.73, 0.81) | 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) | 0.87 (0.83, 0.90) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Characteristic | Model 1 OR(95%CI) | Model 2 OR(95%CI) | Model 3 OR(95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|
BMI | 1.08 (1.08, 1.09) | 1.09 (1.09, 1.10) | 1.08 (1.08, 1.09) |
Tertiles of BMI | |||
Lower(13.18–25.69) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle(25.70-30.88) | 2.15 (1.98, 2.34) | 2.11 (1.94, 2.30) | 1.90 (1.75, 2.07) |
Higher(30.89–84.87) | 3.86 (3.57, 4.17) | 4.20 (3.87, 4.56) | 3.57 (3.27, 3.88) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
WWI Index | 1.68 (1.62, 1.74) | 1.86 (1.78, 1.94) | 1.72 (1.64, 1.80) |
Tertiles of WWI | |||
Lower(8.11–10.70) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle(10.71–11.44) | 1.76 (1.63, 1.90) | 1.82 (1.68, 1.98) | 1.63 (1.50, 1.77) |
Higher(11.44–15.39) | 2.70 (2.50, 2.91) | 2.94 (2.69, 3.20) | 2.45 (2.24, 2.69) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
BRI Index | 1.26 (1.24, 1.27) | 1.29 (1.27, 1.30) | 1.26 (1.25, 1.28) |
Tertiles of BRI | |||
Lower(1.05–4.32) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle(4.32–6.14) | 2.27 (2.09, 2.47) | 2.24 (2.05, 2.44) | 1.99 (1.82, 2.18) |
Higher(6.14–23.48) | 4.16 (3.84, 4.50) | 4.46 (4.10, 4.86) | 3.77 (3.45, 4.12) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Test | ROC area(AUC) | 95%CI low | 95%CI upp | Best threshold | Specificity | Sensitivity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | 0.6635 | 0.656 | 0.6711 | 27.535 | 0.5114 | 0.7307 |
WWI | 0.6222 | 0.6144 | 0.63 | 10.9142 | 0.4643 | 0.7115 |
BRI | 0.6692 | 0.6617 | 0.6766 | 5.4202 | 0.5967 | 0.6498 |
Characteristic | Model 1 OR(95%CI) | Model 2 OR(95%CI) | Model 3 OR(95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|
BMI | 1.05 (1.04, 1.05) | 1.07 (1.06, 1.08) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06) |
Tertiles of BMI | |||
Lower(13.18–25.69) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle(25.70-30.88) | 1.77 (1.51, 2.07) | 1.54 (1.31, 1.82) | 1.33 (1.12, 1.57) |
Higher(30.89–84.87) | 2.57 (2.22, 2.99) | 3.01 (2.58, 3.53) | 2.16 (1.83, 2.54) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
WWI Index | 1.80 (1.69, 1.92) | 1.58 (1.45, 1.72) | 1.31 (1.19, 1.43) |
Tertiles of WWI | |||
Lower(8.11–10.70) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle(10.71–11.44) | 2.36 (1.99, 2.80) | 1.65 (1.38, 1.97) | 1.38 (1.15, 1.65) |
Higher(11.44–15.39) | 3.64 (3.09, 4.27) | 2.24 (1.86, 2.69) | 1.56 (1.29, 1.88) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
BRI Index | 1.18 (1.15, 1.20) | 1.21 (1.19, 1.24) | 1.15 (1.12, 1.18) |
Tertiles of BRI | |||
Lower(1.05–4.32) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle(4.32–6.14) | 2.18 (1.85, 2.58) | 1.57 (1.32, 1.87) | 1.32 (1.10, 1.57) |
Higher(6.14–23.48) | 3.47 (2.96, 4.06) | 2.93 (2.48, 3.46) | 2.02 (1.70, 2.41) |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Test | ROC area(AUC) | 95%CI low | 95%CI upp | Best threshold | Specificity | Sensitivity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | 0.6112 | 0.5963 | 0.626 | 27.895 | 0.4922 | 0.6873 |
WWI | 0.6457 | 0.6321 | 0.6593 | 11.1863 | 0.5609 | 0.6609 |
BRI | 0.6436 | 0.6295 | 0.6577 | 5.2234 | 0.5226 | 0.7092 |