Introduction
Choledochal cyst (CDC) is a common biliary malformation characterized by common bile duct dilatation with or without intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. It is more common in Asian countries and affects more females. Laparoscopic cyst excision and Roux-Y hepaticojejunostomy are the main methods for the treatment of CDC [1]. Delayed diagnosis and treatment may cause the occurrence of clinical symptoms before surgery, at which time the surgical effect is not good. With the development of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis technology, the diagnosis of CDC has gradually shifted from postnatal to prenatal [2, 3]. For children with prenatally diagnosed CDCs, clinical symptoms are one of the influencing factors that determine the optimal time for surgery [4]. However, no prior reports with a large pediatric series have focused on the risk factors of clinical symptoms after birth. The impact factors for symptoms are unclear, and the operation opportunity is controversial. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to screen the impact factors of clinical symptoms in children with prenatally diagnosed CDCs.
Materials and methods
Study population and data collection
Two hundred sixty-two patients with CDCs detected on prenatal ultrasonogram were admitted to our hospital from April 2013 to April 2018. Twenty-three cases were excluded because of incomplete clinical data or previous operations in other hospitals. Nineteen cases were excluded due to a modified diagnosis confirmed by intraoperative laparoscopy and cholangiography, with 15 cases of cystic biliary atresia, 1 case of omental cyst, 1 case of ovarian cyst, 1 case of intestinal duplication cyst and 1 case of duodenal atresia. Two cases of Caroli disease were excluded. Prenatal ultrasonogram when the cyst was first detected, abdominal ultrasound and laboratory tests within 1 week of life, abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and laboratory tests before surgery, as well as intraoperative cholangiogram were collected. Prenatal ultrasonogram was completed in tertiary maternity hospitals, and all mothers of patients underwent prenatal ultrasonogram at similar pregnancy stages. All patients underwent laparoscopic cyst excision and hepaticojejunostomy by the same group of experienced physicians in our center.
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Patients were divided into two groups according to whether there were clinical symptoms after birth: symptomatic group (n = 134, 61.5%), asymptomatic group (n = 84, 38.5%).
Ethics
This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Capital Institute of Pediatrics with waiver of informed consent (shell2022047). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Capital Institute of Pediatrics because of the retrospective nature of the study.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used for data analysis. Categorical data was described as case number and percentage, chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the proportion of data between two groups. Nonnormally distributed data was described as M (P25, P75), Mann–Whitney U test was used for comparison between the two groups. The value of tolerance and variance inflation factor (VIF) were used to evaluate the multicollinearity diagnosis of factors. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to screen the independent risk factors of clinical symptoms.
Results
Clinical data
A total of 218 patients were included in the study. Detailed information on the 218 CDC cases is shown in Table 1, and these cases included 59 males and 159 females (ratio of 1:2.7). The time of prenatal diagnosis ranged from 12 to 40 weeks of gestation, with a median time of 24 (20.5, 28) weeks. The age at surgery ranged from 3 days to 55 months, with a median age of 1.8 (0.9, 4.8) months. A total of 202 patients (92.7%) were younger than 1 year old, and 53 patients (24.3%) were newborns. The weight at surgery ranged from 2.13 to 15.5 kg, with a median weight of 5.0 (3.8, 7.0) kg. Todani classification [5] analysis showed that 117 CDCs were type I, 101 CDCs were type IV. No type II or III CDC was observed in this study. Specific classifications of type I and IV are shown in Table 1.
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Table 1
Clinical data of prenatally diagnosed CDCs
Prenatally diagnosed CDCs (n = 218) | |
|---|---|
Gender (M/F) | 59/159 (1:2.7) |
Prenatal diagnostic time (weeks) | 24 (20.5, 28) |
Age at surgery(m) | 1.8 (0.9, 4.8) |
Weight at surgery (kg) | 5.0 (3.8, 7.0) |
Todani | |
Ia | 111, 50.9% |
Ib | 4, 1.8% |
Ic | 2, 0.9% |
IVa | 100, 45.9% |
IVb | 1, 0.5% |
Clinical symptoms
A total of 134 cases presented clinical symptoms after birth. The results showed that 80 cases were yellow staining of the skin or sclera, 40 cases were white stool or light-colored stool (white stool or light-colored stool were predominant, with or without yellow staining of the skin or sclera), and 14 cases were spitting milk in infants or vomiting in children. Of these patients with clinical symptoms, 93 patients developed symptoms within 3 months of life, 19 patients developed symptoms from 3 to 6 months, and 22 patients developed symptoms after 6 months (Table 2).
Table 2
Clinical symptoms of prenatally diagnosed CDCs
Symptomatic CDCs (n = 134) | |
|---|---|
Type | |
yellow staining | 80, 59.7% |
White or light-colored stool | 40, 29.9% |
spitting milk or Vomiting | 14, 10.4% |
Time of occurrence | |
< 3 months | 93, 69.4% |
3–6 months | 19, 14.2% |
> 6 months | 22, 16.4% |
Type and the time of occurrence for clinical symptoms in children with prenatally diagnosed CDCs. Categorical data was described as case number and percentage.
Univariate analysis for clinical symptoms of prenatally diagnosed CDCs
The time of prenatal diagnosis
The prenatal diagnostic time of symptomatic group was 24 (20, 25) gestational weeks, and that of asymptomatic group was 24 (23, 28) gestational weeks. Analysis suggested that the prenatal diagnostic time of asymptomatic group was smaller than that of asymptomatic group, with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.002).
Hepatic function within the first week of life
Postnatal hepatic function was measured within 1 week of life by alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL) and γ- glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) values. The GGT, TBIL and DBIL values of the symptomatic group were statistically higher than those of the asymptomatic group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). However, no significant difference in the ALT or AST values was observed between the two groups (P = 0.356, P = 0.752) (Table 3).
Table 3
Comparison of hepatic function within the first week of life
Symptomatic group (n = 134) | Asymptomatic group (n = 84) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
ALT (U/L) | 21.5 (13.7, 43.9) | 26.0 (17.0, 37.4) | 0.356 |
AST (U/L) | 41.8 (29.9, 61.3) | 42.2 (32.9, 52.8) | 0.752 |
GGT (U/L) | 163.0 (89.3, 387.5) | 70.0 (25.0, 122.1) | 0.000* |
TBIL (umol/L) | 75.6 (28.5, 160.2) | 21.1 (9.3, 71.1) | 0.000* |
DBIL (umol/L) | 11.5 (5.9, 26.2) | 4.8 (2.2, 11.6) | 0.000* |
Hepatic function before surgery
Hepatic function within one week before surgery were tested in all patients. Analysis showed that there was no significant difference in ALT, AST, GGT, TBIL or DBIL levels between the two groups (P > 0.05) (Table 4).
Table 4
Comparison of hepatic function before surgery
Symptomatic group (n = 134) | Asymptomatic group (n = 84) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
ALT (U/L) | 24.3 (17.3, 43.1) | 24.0 (17.7, 45.7) | 0.686 |
AST (U/L) | 43.3 (35.2, 58.5) | 43.9 (33.8, 58.9) | 0.697 |
GGT (U/L) | 106.6 (25.9, 381.7) | 132.0 (62.0, 351.1) | 0.235 |
TBIL (umol/L) | 30.4 (9.3, 95.3) | 34.1 (15.1, 114.5) | 0.220 |
DBIL (umol/L) | 6.8 (2.0, 17.7) | 8.1 (4.0, 26.1) | 0.159 |
The size of CDCs
Hilar or abdominal cysts were detected by prenatal ultrasonography in all patients during fetal life, and abdominal ultrasound was reviewed within one week after birth and before surgery. By comparing the maximum cyst diameter of the two groups at prenatal diagnosis, within one week after birth and before surgery, it was found that the maximum diameter of cyst before surgery of the symptomatic group was larger than that of the asymptomatic group (P = 0.012). No significant difference in the maximum diameter of cyst at prenatal diagnosis or within the first week of life was found between the two groups (P = 0.859, P = 0.115) (Table 5; Fig. 1).
Table 5
Comparison of the cyst sizes
Symptomatic group (n = 134) | Asymptomatic group (n = 84) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
Prenatal | 1.7 (1.2, 2.1) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) | 0.859 |
Postnatal | 3.2 (2.3, 4.3) | 2.8 (2.1, 4.0) | 0.115 |
Preoperative | 6.0 (4.5, 7.9) | 5.0 (4.0, 6.3) | 0.012* |
Fig. 1
Comparison of the cyst sizes. Comparison of the cyst sizes of prenatal diagnosis, postnatal and before surgery. There was no statistical difference in the prenatal cyst size or postnatal cyst size between the two groups. The cyst size before surgery in symptomatic group were larger than that of asymptomatic group
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Multivariate analysis of clinical symptoms of prenatally diagnosed CDCs
The significant factors (P < 0.05) in univariate analysis including prenatal diagnostic time, the maximum diameter of cyst before surgery, the GGT, TBIL and DBIL values within the first week of life. The results of multicollinearity diagnosis manifested that all the values of tolerance were between o.1 to 1 and the VIF bellowed 10, mean there is no collinearity, and the model was stable. Therefore, the multivariate binary Logistic regression analysis was available. Multivariate binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the time of prenatal diagnosis (P = 0.001, OR = 0.898, 95%CI: 0.845–0.955) and the GGT value within the first week of life (P = 0.028, OR = 1.002, 95%CI: 1.000 ~ 1.003) were independent impact factors for clinical symptoms in children with prenatally diagnosed CDCs. The maximum diameter of cyst before surgery, TBIL and DBIL levels within the first week of life were not independent impact factors for symptoms (P = 0.424, P = 0.085, P = 0.440, respectively). (Table 6)
Table 6
Multivariate analysis of clinical symptoms
B | SE | Waldx2 | P | OR | 95%CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The time of Prenatal diagnosis | -0.107 | 0.031 | 11.869 | 0.001* | 0.898 | 0.845, 0.955 |
The maximum diameter of cyst | 0.079 | 0.099 | 0.638 | 0.424 | 1.082 | 0.891, 1.314 |
GGT | 0.002 | 0.001 | 4.825 | 0.028* | 1.002 | 1.000, 1.003 |
TBIL | 0.004 | 0.002 | 2.970 | 0.085 | 1.004 | 0.999, 1.008 |
DBIL | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.597 | 0.440 | 1.008 | 0.988, 1.028 |
Discussion
The clinical symptoms of patients with CDCs can occur at any age and are mainly manifested as abdominal pain, jaundice, and abdominal mass. However, as prenatal diagnosis techniques have improved, more CDCs have been detected in the fetal period, even as early as 15 weeks of gestation. Prenatal diagnosis is significant for the early diagnosis and treatment of CDC, as well as the improvement of prognosis [3, 6]. In this study, two cases were diagnosed in the first trimester of gestation, the rest were diagnosed in the second or third trimester, and the earliest prenatal diagnosis time was 12 weeks of gestation. Univariate analysis showed that patients with clinical symptoms had earlier prenatal diagnosis time than patients without clinical symptoms. Among the children admitted to our hospital with suspected prenatally diagnosed CDCs, all of them were detected hilar or abdominal cyst by prenatal ultrasonogram in the fetal period. However, careful differential diagnosis before and during surgery are still needed, especially cystic biliary atresia (CBA), is similar to CDC in clinical symptoms and ultrasonic manifestations, and requires timely surgical treatment [7]. In this group, laparoscopic exploration and intraoperative cholangiography were performed in all cases, some of them were excluded due to modified diagnosis, such as CBA, omental cyst, ovarian cyst, duodenal duplication, etc.
Most of CDCs are diagnosed before the patients reaches 10 years of age, and most patients may present obvious clinical symptoms [8]. The type of clinical symptoms mainly depends on the age at which they occur. In children less than 6 months old, the clinical manifestations are mainly jaundice, which may be caused by extrahepatic cysts that may lead to complete obstruction of the biliary tract. In contrast, clinical symptoms in adults are usually dominated by abdominal pain. Some patients may develop symptoms of cholangitis or pancreatitis that require hospitalization [9]. All the patients in this group were prenatally diagnosed with CDC, and the age at surgery was young. About 61% of the patients presented obvious clinical symptoms before surgery, which was consistent with previous reports [10, 11]. Of the patients with clinical symptoms, 69.4% (93/134) developed symptoms within 3 months of life, and 14.2% (19/134) developed symptoms from 3 to 6 months. That means, the incidence of clinical symptoms was high within 6 months after birth, especially within 3 months. Differing from older patients, who usually have abdominal pain as the main clinical symptom, the main clinical symptoms in our study were symptoms of biliary obstruction, indicating that the biliary tract obstruction was severe in children with prenatally diagnosed CDCs.
The number of prenatally diagnosed CDCs has increased since the first case reported in 1980. Prenatal diagnosis may lead to early surgical treatment. However, the optimal operation opportunity remains controversial, especially for asymptomatic patients [12]. Usually, the occurrence of clinical symptoms is a recognized indication for surgery in children with prenatally diagnosed CDCs. For asymptomatic patients, some researchers suggest that surgery should be performed at least 3 months or 3–6 months after birth [13, 14], while some researchers believe that the surgical time should be as early as possible, especially before severe clinical symptoms present [3]. Hanna et al. ‘s study showed that, compared to patients who undergo CDC excision during the same admission for CDC-related symptoms, elective CDC excision is associated with shortened hospital stay and decreased opioid use among children [15]. A prospective cohort study by Diao et al. suggested that for asymptomatic children with prenatally diagnosed CDCs, the degree of liver fibrosis was higher in children with late surgery (> 1 month) than in children with early surgery (≤ 1 month), and the postoperative recovery of liver function was significantly delayed in children with high degree of liver fibrosis. Therefore, they suggest that asymptomatic patients should undergo operation early even in the neonatal period [16]. In this study, the GGT, TBIL and DBIL values (within 1 week after birth) of patients with clinical symptoms were significantly higher than those without clinical symptoms. Most of the symptoms occurred within 3 months of life. Therefore, for children with prenatally diagnosed CDCs, a part of them may develop clinical symptoms if surgery is delayed to 3 or 6 months of life, which may lead to liver function damage. Multivariate analysis was performed based on the results of univariate analysis. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the time of prenatal diagnosis and the GGT value within 1 week of life were independent influencing factors for the occurrence of clinical symptoms after birth. The time of prenatal diagnosis was a protective factor, that is, the risk of clinical symptoms occurring decreased to 0.896 times for every 1 week increase of prenatal diagnostic time. The GGT value within 1 week after birth was a risk factor, which means the risk of clinical symptoms occurring increased to 1.002 times for every 1U/L increase in GGT value.
We also studied the relationship between the cyst size and clinical symptoms. The results suggested that the size of cysts in the symptomatic group increases faster than that in asymptomatic group, and the maximum diameter of cyst before surgery was significantly larger in symptomatic patients than in asymptomatic patients. These indicated that although it is not an independent influencing factor, the cyst size may affect the occurrence of clinical symptoms. Cochran et al. analyzed the data of 23 patients with prenatally diagnosed CDCs at four fetal centers in the United States. They found that for newborns, a cyst size ≥ 4.5 cm on initial postnatal ultrasound were associated with the occurrence of symptoms within one month of life [17]. Guan et al. conducted a retrospective analysis of the data of 125 patients with prenatally diagnosed CDCs in a single center in China. They observed that the length of the cyst > 5.2 cm and the width of the cyst > 4.1 cm indicate the possibility of clinical symptoms occurring [18]. Therefore, for patients with the large size of cyst, clinical symptoms may present before surgery, the operation should be performed early.
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Limitations: First, this study involves single-center research, and data from more centers are needed to verify our results. Second, this work is a retrospective study, and a large prospective trial will be needed to summarize the clinical experience.
Conclusions
For children with prenatally diagnosed CDCs, approximately 2/3 patients presented noticeable clinical symptoms before surgery. The time of prenatal diagnosis and the GGT value within 1 week of life were related to the occurrence of clinical symptoms intimately, they can serve as indicators for selecting surgical timing.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Capital Institute of Pediatrics with waiver of informed consent (shell2022047). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Capital Institute of Pediatrics because of the retrospective nature of the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
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