Introduction
Materials and methods
Study subjects
Data collection
Research methodology
Anthropometric indicators
Spirometry
Skin prick test
PSQ-SRBD
Asthma control in children
Irregular medication use
Asthma severity in children
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population
Variables | |
---|---|
Demographics | |
Age (years) | 5.70 ± 2.53 |
Sex, male/female | 252 (63.5)/145 (36.5) |
Han Chinese ethnicity | 365 (91.9) |
Urban residence | 326 (82.2) |
Cesarean-section birth | 222 (55.9) |
Premature birth | 37 (9.3) |
Breastfeeding < 6 months | 124 (31.2) |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 16.63 ± 2.39 |
Allergen test results | |
Positive reaction to allergens | 237 (59.6) |
Allergic skin diseases | 197 (49.6) |
Comorbidities | |
Obesity | 62 (15.6) |
Allergic rhinitis | 214 (53.9) |
Chronic tonsillitis | 55 (13.8) |
Gastroesophageal reflux | 11 (2.7) |
Respiratory conditions | |
Positive PSQ-SRBD findings | 86 (21.6) |
Adenoid hypertrophy | 58 (14.6) |
Tonsil enlargement | 34 (8.5) |
Recurrent respiratory infections | 119 (29.9) |
Asthma control | |
Asthma control | 319 (80.3) |
Uncontrolled asthma | 78 (19.6) |
Lung function | |
FEV1, mean ± SD | 98.63% ± 2.93% |
FEV1/FVC, median (IQR) | 90.4% (85.07–94.84%) |
Environment | |
Maternal smoking | 5 (1.2) |
Passive-smoking | 172 (43.3) |
Pet animals | 24 (6.0) |
Sleep | |
Difficulty falling asleep | 87 (21.9) |
Waking up at night | 75 (18.8) |
Restless sleep | 174 (43.8) |
Family history | |
Allergic history | 133 (33.5) |
Snoring history | 244 (61.4) |
Irregular medication use | 107 (26.9) |
Clinical features of SDB
Variables | SDB (+) n = 86 | SDB (-) n = 311 | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age (years) | 6.12 ± 2.70 | 5.58 ± 2.47 | 0.077 | |
Sex, male/female | 60 (69.8)/20(30.2) | 192 (61.7)/119(38.3) | 0.171 | |
Han Chinese ethnicity | 78 (90.7) | 287 (92.3) | ||
Urban residence | 70 (81.4) | 256 (82.3) | 0.844 | |
Father’s education level | ||||
Low | 17 (19.4) | 60 (19.3) | 0.457 | |
Medium | 24 (27.9) | 68 (21.9) | ||
High | 45 (52.3) | 183 (58.8) | ||
Mother’s education level | ||||
Low | 20 (23.3) | 67 (21.5) | 0.944 | |
Medium | 19 (19.3) | 70 (22.5) | ||
High | 47 (54.7) | 174 (55.9) | ||
Cesarean-section birth | 56 (65.1) | 166 (74.8) | 0.052 | |
Premature birth | 8 (10.4) | 29 (10.7) | 0.945 | |
Breastfeeding < 6 months | 26 (30.2) | 98 (31.5) | 0.821 | |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 16.71 ± 2.55 | 16.61 ± 2.35 | 0.741 | |
Allergen test results | ||||
Positive reaction to allergens | 58 (67.4) | 179 (57.6) | 0.006 | |
Allergic skin diseases | 53 (61.6) | 144 (46.3) | 0.012 | |
Comorbidities | ||||
Obesity | 11 (12.9) | 51 (16.4) | 0.437 | |
Allergic rhinitis | 69 (80.2) | 145 (46.6) | < 0.001 | |
Chronic tonsillitis | 21 (24.4) | 34 (10.9) | 0.001 | |
Gastroesophageal reflux | 7 (8.1) | 4 (1.3) | 0.003 | |
Respiratory conditions | ||||
Adenoid hypertrophy | 30 (34.9) | 28 (9.0) | < 0.001 | |
Tonsil enlargement | 17 (19.8) | 17 (5.5) | < 0.001 | |
Recurrent respiratory infections | 34 (39.5) | 85 (27.3) | 0.029 | |
Lung function | ||||
FEV1, mean ± SD | 98.40 ± 11.90 | 98.70 ± 12.25 | 0.861 | |
FEV1/FVC, median (IQR) | 89.4 (83.93–93.25) | 90.56 (85.55–95.19) | 0.071 | |
Environment | ||||
Maternal smoking | 1 (1.2) | 4 (1.3) | 1.000 | |
Passive-smoking | 38 (44.2) | 134 (43.1) | 0.856 | |
Pet animals | 6 (7.0) | 18 (5.8) | 0.682 | |
Family history | ||||
Allergic history | 29 (33.7) | 104 (22.4) | 0.961 | |
Snoring history | 64 (74.4) | 180 (57.9) | 0.005 |
Variables | OR | 95% CI | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.084 | 0.958–1.225 | 0.201 |
Sex | 1.579 | 0.867–2.876 | 0.135 |
BMI | 1.016 | 0.899–1.148 | 0.802 |
Allergy | 0.737 | 0.35–1.517 | 0.407 |
Allergic skin diseases | 1.299 | 0.726–2.324 | 0.377 |
Allergic rhinitis | 3.316 | 1.721–6.389 | < 0.001 |
Gastroesophageal reflux | 7.518 | 1.905–29.664 | 0.004 |
Chronic tonsillitis | 2.246 | 1.075–4.693 | 0.031 |
Adenoid hypertrophy | 3.479 | 1.708–7.085 | 0.001 |
Tonsil enlargement | 1.710 | 0.700–4.178 | 0.239 |
Recurrent respiratory infections | 2.195 | 1.207–3.988 | 0.010 |
Family snoring history | 2.048 | 1.097–3.825 | 0.024 |
Asthma control
Variables | Well-controlled asthma (n = 319) | Poorly controlled asthma (n = 78) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age (years) | 5.77 ± 2.52 | 5.40 ± 2.57 | 0.253 |
Sex, male/female | 198 (62.1) | 54 (69.2) | 0.239 |
Han Chinese ethnicity | 296(92.8) | 69 (88.5) | 0.208 |
Urban residence | 260 (881.5) | 66 (84.6) | 0.520 |
Father’s education level | |||
Low | 65 (20.4) | 12 (15.4) | 0.390 |
Medium | 70 (21.9) | 22 (28.2) | |
High | 184 (57.7) | 44 (56.4) | |
Mother’s education level | |||
Low | 74 (23.2) | 13 (16.7) | 0.110 |
Medium | 65 (20.4) | 24 (30.8) | |
High | 180 (56.4) | 41 (52.6) | |
Cesarean-section birth | 180 (56.4) | 42 (53.8) | 0.681 |
Premature birth | 32 (11.5) | 5 (7) | 0.275 |
Breastfeeding < 6 months | 99 (31.0) | 25 (32.1) | 0.862 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 16.70 ± 2.48 | 16.36 ± 1.94 | 0.269 |
Allergic skin test | |||
Positive reaction to allergens | 194 (60.8) | 43 (59.7) | 0.280 |
Allergic skin diseases | 158 (49.5) | 39 (50) | 0.941 |
Comorbidities | |||
Obesity | 52 (16.4) | 10 (12.8) | 0.442 |
Allergic rhinitis | 167 (52.4) | 47 (60.3) | 0.209 |
Chronic tonsillitis | 43 (13.5) | 12 (15.4) | 0.662 |
Gastroesophageal reflux | 9 (2.8) | 2 (2.6) | 1.000 |
Respiratory conditions | |||
SDB | 59 (18.5) | 27 (34.6) | 0.002 |
Adenoid hypertrophy | 44 (13.8) | 14 (17.9) | 0.352 |
Tonsil enlargement | 27 (8.5) | 7 (9.0) | 0.885 |
Recurrent respiratory infections | 97 (30.4) | 22 (28.2) | 0.704 |
Environment | |||
Maternal smoking | 4 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | 1.000 |
Passive-smoking | 137 (42.9) | 35 (44.9) | 0.758 |
Raising animals | 21 (6.6) | 3 (3.8) | 0.595 |
Sleep | |||
Difficulty falling asleep | 70 (21.9) | 17 (21.8) | 0.977 |
Waking up at night | 55 (17.2) | 20 (25.6) | 0.089 |
Restless sleep | 139 (43.6) | 35 (44.9) | 0.836 |
Family history | |||
Allergic history | 111 (34.8) | 22 (28.2) | 0.269 |
Snoring history | 194 (60.8) | 50 (64.1) | 0.593 |
Irregular medication use | 73 (22.9) | 34 (43.6) | < 0.001 |
Variables | OR | 95% CI | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.924 | 0.821–1.041 | 0.193 |
Sex | 1.203 | 0.690–2.097 | 0.514 |
BMI | 0.963 | 0.855–10.85 | 0.532 |
Allergy | 1.147 | 0.560–2.349 | 0.708 |
SDB | 2.391 | 1.302–4.393 | 0.005 |
Irregular medication use | 2.571 | 1.498–4.414 | 0.001 |
Asthma severity
Variables | The average of rank | p-value |
---|---|---|
SDB(-) | 190.70 | 0.014 |
SDB(+) | 219.49 |