Background
Six addiction components of problematic social media use
Latent profile analysis and network analysis
The present study
Method
Participants and procedure
Measurements
Statistical analysis
Latent profile analysis
Network analysis
Result
Sample Characteristics
Variable | Overall, N = 10,6681 | Occasional user, N = 1,1271 | Regular user, N = 3,3091 | High engagement low risk users, N = 1,1151 | At-risk user, N = 4,0701 | Problematic user, N = 1,0471 | p-value2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | < 0.001 | ||||||
Male | 4,569 (43%) | 502 (45%)a,b,c | 1,391 (42%)b,c | 508 (46%)a,b | 1,655 (41%)c | 513 (49%)a | |
Female | 6,099 (57%) | 625 (55%) | 1,918 (58%) | 607 (54%) | 2,415 (59%) | 534 (51%) | |
Age, year | 33 (25, 40) | 37 (28, 43)a | 33 (25, 40)b | 34 (27, 41)c | 31 (24, 39)d | 32 (25, 39)d | < 0.001 |
Education | 0.002 | ||||||
Below college | 858 (8.0%) | 123 (11%)b | 285 (8.6%)a,b | 77 (6.9%)a | 291 (7.1%)a | 82 (7.8%)a,b | |
College | 7,167 (67%) | 737 (65%) | 2,211 (67%) | 739 (66%) | 2,787 (68%) | 693 (66%) | |
Master or above | 2,643 (25%) | 267 (24%) | 813 (25%) | 299 (27%) | 992 (24%) | 272 (26%) | |
Employed | 8,307 (78%) | 964 (86%)a | 2,601 (79%)c | 942 (84%)a | 2,997 (74%)b | 803 (77%)b,c | < 0.001 |
Married status | < 0.001 | ||||||
Married | 6,378 (60%) | 774 (69%)b | 2,033 (61%)a,d | 724 (65%)a,b | 2,237 (55%)c | 610 (58%)c,d | |
Single | 3,997 (37%) | 312 (28%) | 1,186 (36%) | 358 (32%) | 1,741 (43%) | 400 (38%) | |
Divorced | 293 (2.7%) | 41 (3.6%) | 90 (2.7%) | 33 (3.0%) | 92 (2.3%) | 37 (3.5%) | |
Living in city | 8,027 (75%) | 861 (76%)a,b | 2,434 (74%)b | 879 (79%)a | 3,060 (75%)a,b | 793 (76%)a,b | 0.008 |
Social media usage before the pandemic, min | 840 (420, 1,380) | 420 (210, 840)c | 690 (410, 1,110)d | 900 (480, 1,500)a | 840 (420, 1,440)b | 960 (460, 1,850)e | < 0.001 |
Social media usage after the pandemic, min | 960 (420, 1,680) | 540 (210, 1,096)b | 840 (420, 1,400)c | 1,110 (630, 2,000)a | 1,120 (560, 1,980)a | 1,400 (700, 2,290)d | < 0.001 |
Social time change | 3,070 (29%) | 182 (16%)c | 794 (24%)d | 330 (30%)a | 1,375 (34%)a,b | 389 (37%)b | < 0.001 |
BSAMS scores | 16 (12, 19) | 7 (6, 9)c | 13 (12, 14)d | 15 (14, 16)a | 18 (17, 20)b | 24 (23, 25)e | < 0.001 |
Stress scores | 4(1, 7) | 1 (0, 3)c | 3 (1, 6)a | 3 (1, 6)a | 5 (2, 7)b | 8 (4, 12)d | < 0.001 |
Stress | 1,117 (10%) | 34 (3.0%)c | 153 (4.6%)a,c | 65 (5.8%)a | 499 (12%)b | 366 (35%)d | < 0.001 |
Anxiety scores | 2 (0, 5) | 0 (0, 2)c | 1 (0, 3)a | 1 (0, 3)a | 3 (1, 6)b | 6 (2, 9)d | < 0.001 |
Anxiety | 2,774 (26%) | 105 (9.3%)c | 559 (17%)a | 167 (15%)a | 1,340 (33%)b | 603 (58%)d | < 0.001 |
Depression scores | 2 (0, 5) | 0 (0, 2)c | 2 (0, 4)d | 1 (0, 3)a | 3 (1, 6)b | 6 (2, 10)e | < 0.001 |
Depression | 1,911 (18%) | 70 (6.2%)a | 344 (10%)b | 99 (8.9%)a,b | 926 (23%)c | 472 (45%)d | < 0.001 |
Latent profile analysis
Classes | LogLike | AIC | BIC | Entropy | BLRT_p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | -85984.5 | 172007 | 172145.2 | 0.810 | < 0.01 |
3 | -83030.4 | 166112.8 | 166301.9 | 0.828 | < 0.01 |
4 | -81811.2 | 163688.4 | 163928.4 | 0.810 | < 0.01 |
5 | -80769.1 | 161618.2 | 161909.2 | 0.808 | < 0.01 |
Class | Characteristic | ORa | 95% CIa | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Problematic userb | Age | 0.98 | 0.96, 0.99 | < 0.001 |
Depression | 2.36 | 1.65, 3.36 | < 0.001 | |
Anxiety | 5.54 | 4.09, 7.48 | < 0.001 | |
Stress | 3.14 | 2.05,4.82 | < 0.001 | |
Daily social media usage > 2 h after the pandemic | 2.92 | 2.22,3.88 | < 0.001 | |
Daily social media usage > 2 h before the pandemic | 1.54 | 1.17, 2.04 | 0.002 | |
Being marriedc | 0.63 | 0.54, 0.89 | 0.002 | |
Master or aboved | 1.83 | 1.27, 2.63 | 0.001 | |
Colleged | 1.45 | 1.04, 2.01 | 0.027 | |
At-risk userb | Age | 0.98 | 0.97, 0.99 | < 0.001 |
Being female | 1.16 | 1.01,1.33 | 0.041 | |
Depression | 1.77 | 1.28, 2.44 | < 0.001 | |
Anxiety | 3.34 | 2.61, 4.40 | < 0.001 | |
Daily social media usage > 2 h after the pandemic | 2.12 | 1.71,2.62 | < 0.001 | |
Daily social media usage > 2 h before the pandemic | 1.48 | 1.19, 1.84 | < 0.001 | |
Master or aboved | 1.48 | 1.13, 1.94 | 0.005 | |
Colleged | 1.38 | 1.09, 1.76 | 0.009 | |
High engagement low risk userb | Anxiety | 1.63 | 1.18, 2.24 | 0.003 |
Daily social media usage > 2 h after the pandemic | 2.14 | 1.64,2.79 | < 0.001 | |
Daily social media usage > 2 h before the pandemic | 1.79 | 1.37, 2.33 | < 0.001 | |
Master or aboved | 1.60 | 1.14, 2.27 | 0.007 | |
Colleged | 1.45 | 1.06, 1.98 | 0.021 | |
Regular userb | Age | 0.987 | 0.978, 0.997 | 0.008 |
Anxiety | 1.88 | 1.44, 2.46 | < 0.001 | |
Daily social media usage > 2 h after the pandemic | 1.51 | 1.22, 1.87 | < 0.001 |