Background
Aims
Methods
Participants
General assessment
Neuropsychological assessment
Cognitive domain | Neuropsychological test |
---|---|
Attention | Bell Test |
Digit Cancellation Test | |
Memory | Prose recall |
ROCF-delayed recall | |
Executive functions | Digit Span Forwards |
Digit Span Backwards | |
Trail-Making Test A | |
Trail-Making Test B | |
Weigl’s Test | |
Cognitive Estimates-total | |
Cognitive Estimates-bizarre | |
Raven’s coloured matrices | |
Letter fluency | |
Language | Category fluency |
Picture naming | |
Token Test | |
Visuospatial skills | ROCF-copy |
Copy of geometric figures | |
Ideomotor praxis | De Renzi’s Test - right upper limb |
De Renzi’s Test - left upper limb |
Assessment of social desirability
Assessment of depressive and anxiety symptoms
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
NC (n = 117) | MCI (n = 182) | Total (n = 299) | NC vs MCI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographics | ||||
Age | 78.0 (5.0) | 79.2 (5.3) | 78.7 (5.2) | 0.044b |
Female sex | 85 (72.6) | 128 (70.3) | 213 (71.2) | 0.665d |
Education (yrs) | 11.7 (4.3) | 10.0 (4.6) | 10.7 (4.5) | 0.001c |
Income > 1500 €/montha | 87 (75.0) | 119 (66.5) | 206 (69.8) | 0.119d |
Cognitive status | ||||
MMSE | 28.2 (1.2) | 26.6 (2.2) | 27.2 (2.0) | < 0.001c |
Global cognition (Z-score) | −0.8 (0.4) | −1.9 (0.7) | −1.5 (0.8) | < 0.001c |
Memory (Z-score) | 0.0 (0.5) | −1.1 (0.9) | −0.7 (1.0) | < 0.001b |
Attention/Executive (Z-score) | −3.2 (1.0) | −4.5 (1.2) | −4.0 (1.3) | < 0.001c |
Functional status | ||||
BADL | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.6) | 5.5 (0.5) | 0.665c |
IADL | 7.1 (1.4) | 6.6 (1.5) | 6.8 (1.5) | < 0.001c |
Emotional status | ||||
GDS-s | 3.3 (2.9) | 3.6 (2.9) | 3.5 (2.9) | 0.319c |
STPI-TA | 18.3 (5.5) | 19.1 (5.3) | 18.8 (5.4) | 0.092c |
Comorbidity | ||||
CIRS-m | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.5) | 2.5 (1.4) | 0.553c |
Psychometric properties of the eight-item MCSDS
MCSDS item | Component 1 | Component 2 | Component 3 |
---|---|---|---|
1. Have there been occasions when you took advantage of someone? | −0.06 | − 0.87 | 0.00 |
2. Have you sometimes taken unfair advantage of another person? | −0.04 | − 0.84 | − 0.02 |
3. Are you always willing to admit when you make a mistake? | 0.86 | −0.02 | −0.02 |
4. Are you quick to admit making a mistake? | 0.86 | −0.06 | 0.00 |
5. Do you sometimes try to get even rather than forgive and forget? | −0.15 | −0.17 | 0.74 |
6. Do you sometimes feel resentful when you don't get your own way? | 0.12 | −0.27 | 0.02 |
7. Are you always courteous, even to people who are disagreeable? | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.66 |
8. Are you always a good listener, no matter whom you are talking to? | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.49 |
Mean (SD) | 5.2 (1.4) | 5.7 (0.9) | 5.0 (1.3) |
Eigenvalue | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 |
Percentage of variance explained | 21.5 | 18.6 | 14.4 |
Mean inter-item correlation | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.15 |
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.26 |
Relationship between social desirability and cognitive functioning
MCSDS | NC (n = 117) | MCI (n = 182) | P-valuea |
---|---|---|---|
Component 1 | 5.0 (1.5) | 5.3 (1.3) | 0.105 |
Component 2 | 5.6 (0.9) | 5.7 (0.9) | 0.488 |
Item 5 | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.6 (0.8) | 0.254 |
Item 6 | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.7) | 0.312 |
Item 7 | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.6 (0.8) | 0.013 |
Item 8 | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.6) | 0.475 |
Cognitive Z-score | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global cognition | Memory | Attention/Executive | ||||
MCSDS | Simple | Partial | Simple | Partial | Simple | Partial |
Component 1 | −0.11 (0.067) | − 0.11 (0.069) | − 0.07 (0.215) | − 0.05 (0.432) | −0.10 (0.099) | −0.10 (0.078) |
Component 2 | −0.07 (0.239) | − 0.05 (0.430) | −0.03 (0.581) | − 0.02 (0.759) | −0.04 (0.550) | − 0.01 (0.870) |
Item 5 | −0.05 (0.356) | − 0.04 (0.531) | −0.06 (0.338) | − 0.06 (0.353) | −0.05 (0.352) | −0.04 (0.462) |
Item 6 | 0.05 (0.414) | 0.00 (0.933) | −0.03 (0.598) | −0.05 (0.451) | 0.06 (0.331) | 0.02 (0.705) |
Item 7 | −0.15 (0.009) | −0.12 (0.049) | − 0.15 (0.010) | −0.11 (0.070) | − 0.16 (0.005) | −0.14 (0.017) |
Item 8 | −0.08 (0.194) | −0.08 (0.175) | − 0.06 (0.332) | −0.05 (0.406) | − 0.05 (0.349) | −0.06 (0.286) |
Relationship between social desirability and psychological symptoms
MCSDS | GDS-s | STPI-TA |
---|---|---|
Component 1 | − 0.13 (0.031) | − 0.11 (0.059) |
Component 2 | −0.09 (0.120) | − 0.03 (0.637) |
Item 5 | −0.12 (0.038) | − 0.04 (0.539) |
Item 6 | −0.17 (0.003) | − 0.25 (< 0.001) |
Item 7 | 0.04 (0.518) | −0.08 (0.160) |
Item 8 | 0.00 (0.954) | −0.06 (0.301) |
Dependent variable | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDS-sa | STPI-TAb | |||||||
Predictors | β (95% CI) | P-value | R2† | ΔR2‡ | β (95% CI) | P-value | R2† | ΔR2‡ |
Component 1 | −0.10 (− 0.30, 0.10) | 0.325 | 0.372 | 0.002 | −0.42 (− 0.79, − 0.04) | 0.032 | 0.359 | 0.010 |
Component 2 | −0.13 (− 0.41, 0.16) | 0.379 | 0.372 | 0.002 | 0.04 (−0.51, 0.59) | 0.879 | 0.348 | 0.000 |
Item 5 | −0.25 (− 0.57, 0.07) | 0.120 | 0.375 | 0.005 | 0.09 (−0.52, 0.70) | 0.767 | 0.348 | 0.000 |
Item 6 | −0.05 (− 0.42, 0.32) | 0.780 | 0.370 | 0.000 | −1.00 (−1.68, − 0.31) | 0.004 | 0.367 | 0.018 |
Item 7 | 0.20 (−0.12, 0.52) | 0.216 | 0.373 | 0.003 | −0.73 (−1.33, − 0.13) | 0.017 | 0.361 | 0.013 |
Item 8 | 0.14 (−0.30, 0.57) | 0.540 | 0.371 | 0.001 | −0.59 (−1.41, 0.24) | 0.163 | 0.353 | 0.004 |